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Sources of maintenance of the first Franciscan Observans monasteries in Kingdom of Poland (to the middle of the 16th century)

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Sitnik A. K.
Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne
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2022
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vol. 29
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issue 1
86-99
FR
To begin with, it should be considered whether it is justified to discuss the problem of the endowment of monks living according to the rule that forbids accepting money and things of any material value.  It seems it is, indeed, as they also strove to maintain their monasteries. There were various sources of income for monasteries. The money Bernardine monks ignored as synonymous with wealth in the 13th century, became, in the course of time, a means of payment used by all social classes. For this reason, the authors of laws and monastic constitutions have mitigated the strict orders of St. Francis of Assisi, sharing the Franciscans' opinion on poverty.
EN
Artykuł podejmuje zagadnienie uposażenia zakonników żyjących według reguły zabraniającej przyjmowania pieniędzy i rzeczy mających jakąkolwiek wartość materialną. Również oni zabiegali o utrzymanie klasztorów. Różne były, jak się okazuje, źródła dochodów klasztorów. Ignorowany przez nich pieniądz, będący w XIII w. synonimem bogactwa, stał się, w miarę upływu czasu, środkiem płatniczym używanym przez wszystkie warstwy społeczne. Z tego względu autorzy ustaw i konstytucji zakonnych łagodzili na przestrzeni wieków surowe nakazy św. Franciszka z Asyżu, podzielając tym samym opinię franciszkanów na temat ubóstwa.
2
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Święty Jan z Dukli

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Sitnik A. K.
Folia Historica Cracoviensia
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2010
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vol. 15
EN
The article recounts the life and work of Saint Jan of Dukla
PL
Artykuł prezentuje życie i działalność św. Jana z Dukli.
3
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Szkoły bernardyńskie na terenie Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów w latach 1772–1864

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Sitnik A. K.
Biuletyn Historii Wychowania
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2019
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issue 41
7-34
EN
Between 1772 and 1864, the Bernardines ran in total 46 schools in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Ten of them, at least in certain periods, were high schools (sub-departmental, district, secondary schools). A majority of the schools (24) were managed by monasteries in the Lithuanian Province. The successful development of Bernardine education in this territory should be attributed to the monks’ understanding of the need of spreading educationas well as to the relative political freedom in post-partition Lithuania. For that reason, educational activities could freely develop under the supervision of Adam Czartoryski, the Vilnius district superintendent and in the care of the Vilnius University. The well-developing education system of the Bernardines was destroyed by repressive measures applied by Nikolay Novosiltsev who replaced Czartoryski in 1823, and finally the tragic end of the November Uprising. Education in Podolia and Volhynia could be successfully developed owing to Tadeusz Czacki. The situation was different in the Kingdom of Poland where schooling was subjected to the Commission of National Education and the subsequent education authorities. Despite the hostile attitude towards monasteries, the Bernardines managed to run several schools. The most difficult situation was in Galicia which was incorporated by Austria after the Partitions of Poland and not under the beneficial influence of the Commission of National Education. A majority of Bernardine schools in Lithuania, just like in the Russian Province, survived the November Uprising. However, the subsequent restrictions imposed on political freedom had negative consequences for the standard of teaching. The dissolution of the monasteries put an end to the educational activity of the Bernardines in the five provinces in question. Most of the schools closed down as the monasteries were dissolved.
4
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Udział bernardynów w powstaniu listopadowym i popowstaniowe losy ich klasztorów

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Sitnik A. K.
Roczniki Teologiczne
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2020
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vol. 67
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issue 4
61-80
EN
According to historians, the participation of the Order of Friars Minor in the November Uprising was significant. As historical sources show, a beautiful chapter in the history of national uprisings was written by the Franciscan Observants (known as Bernardines in Poland) in the Congress Kingdom and in the territories directly incorporated into the Russian Empire, where national oppression was high and where the bloody November Uprising broke out in 1830. The Bernardine community turned out to be sensitive to calls for freedom, which is why many monks participated in independence movements, though we need to bear in mind that the Holy See forbade the religious to take part in revolutions. Many Bernardines volunteered as chaplains of insurgent units or joined Colonel Józef Zaliwski’s partisan forces. Those who distinguished themselves in particular were Poncjan Brzeziński OFM and the preacher Benwenuty Mańkowski. An important role was played by Bernardine monasteries, which became transfer points for the insurgents, providing them with both spiritual and material support. The available information suggests that except for Brzeziński and Mańkowski, no Bernardine friar was arrested or exiled after the Uprising. However, fragmented pieces of information allow us to conclude that the role of these monastics during the Uprising was by no means insignificant. „The future generations”, as Charles Montalambert wrote, “will tell stories about this magnificent concord between the clergy and the people [...], about those Bernardines and village priests arriving on horseback with sabres in their hand to die leading their sheep”.
PL
Według historyków udział Zakonu Braci Mniejszych w powstaniu listopadowym był znaczący. W świetle źródeł historycznych piękną kartę w zrywie narodowym zapisali bernardyni w Królestwie Kongresowym i na ziemiach bezpośrednio wcielonych do rosyjskiego imperium, gdzie był duży ucisk narodowościowy i gdzie wybuchło krwawe powstanie listopadowe w 1830 roku. Środowisko bernardyńskie okazało się podatnym gruntem na hasła wolnościowe, stąd wielu zakonników uczestniczyło w ruchach wyzwoleńczych, choć należy pamiętać, że Stolica Apostolska zabraniała udziału w rewolucjach. Wielu bernardynów zgłosiło się na kapelanów oddziałów powstańczych czy do partyzantki pułkownika Józefa Zaliwskiego. W sposób szczególny wyróżniali się Poncjan Brzeziński OFM i kaznodzieja Benwenuty Mańkowski. Ważną rolę odegrały klasztory bernardynów, stanowiąc dla powstańców bazę przerzutową i wsparcie zarówno pod względem duchowym jak i materialnym. Na podstawie dotychczasowej wiedzy poza Brzezińskim i Mańkowskim żaden z bernardynów w okresie popowstaniowym nie został aresztowany czy skazany na wygnanie. Na podstawie fragmentarycznych wiadomości można jednak wysnuć wniosek, że rola tych zakonników w czasie powstania była niebagatelna. „Przyszłe pokolenia, jak pisał Charles Montalambert, będą sobie opowiadały o owej wspaniałej zgodzie duchowieństwa z ludem, [...] o tych Bernardynach i wiejskich proboszczach, przybywających konno, z szablą u boku, aby umrzeć na czele swoich owieczek”.
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Dokumenty papierowe i pergaminowe z lat 1571–1903 pochodzące z archiwum klasztornego oo. Bernardynów we Lwowie, przechowywane w Archiwum Prowincji oo. Bernardynów w Krakowie

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Murawiec W. F., Sitnik A. K., Żuchowski K., Gawicki K.
Hereditas Monasteriorium
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2012
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vol. 1
209-283
EN
Order of Friars Minor, called Observants, was established in Poland on the basis of indigenous structures, thanks to action of st. John Kapistran, Italian Franciscan, acting in Cracow in 1453. Polish Observants, called Bernardines from the first convents in Cracow, Warsaw, Lviv, and Poznań, were they received a summon from st. Bernardine from Siena, the famous preacher and refomer of the Order of St. Francis of Assisi, had a provincial organization. First Bernardines’ monasteries, founded since 1453 have been subordinated by the general of the order from the Austro-Czech-Polish province. It was until 1517 when the Franciscans-Observants have organized the native province, covering the territorial lands of the Polish state. The power has been centralized in the person of provincial, elected every three years at the provincial chapter. In his jurisdiction were all abbots and convents within the teritory of the province. The guardians, also elected by the chapter and approved for the period of three years by the provincial, led the administration of each monastery. The set of activities taken by the monastic officials – the provincial and the guardian – entailed the necessity of establishing the chancelleries, both in the provinces as well as in every single convent. Because the provincial took one of the subordinated orders, called the provincial house, as his residence, the sets of acts arising from the activities of both offices were kept independantly in one place, of what an example was the Bernardine monastery in Lviv. According to the Potsdam agreements about the repatriation of the Polish population from the lands granted to the Soviet Ukraine, Bernardines have left the convent in Lviv in 1946. Starting from 1943, the archives of the order as well as Russian and Galician provinces were moved as far as possible, from Lviv to the Provincial Archive of Bernardine Monks in Cracow. In the Provincial Archive of Bernardine Monks in Cracow were preserved 17 paper and (loose) parchment documents, referring to the history of Bernardines order in Lviv. Due to the socio-political changes that have occured in last two decades in the Eastern Europe, the interests have increased in the matter of East, its spiritual culture and influence of Christianity on shaping and developing of Eastern culture, in what the Lviv convent has also participated. Motivated by these considerations Fr. Aleksander Krzysztof Sitnik, OFM has decided to collect and publish, not only in the original language, but also translated into Polish and Ukrainian, all 17 Lviv documents from the years 1571–1903.
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