Resorting to the principles of an ecological approach in doing research (cf. D. Larsen Freeman 1997; C. Kramsch 2002), the sociocultural perspective in understanding language acquisition and the status of English in the present times as well as the recommendations of the Council of Europe regarding autonomization of the process of language teaching, I intend to accentuate problems pertaining to the conceptualization of success in language learning. A crucial element of my considerations is highlighting learner related factors (M. Smuk 2015), including attitudes towards learning a foreign language (W. Wilczyńska 2002) and aspects of critical language awareness (H. Lankiewicz 2015). A theoretical reflection is supported with research offering an insight into the complexity of the notion of success in language learning and its discursive construction conditioned equally by individual attitudes and dominant educational policy. Ultimately, it is demonstrated that personal perception of success is expressed by three narrative modes with the dominating voice expressed via economic language.
Referring to critical ecological language awareness (Lankiewicz, 2015), autonomy in language learning (Benson, 2011) as well as the non-fixity of the linguistic code manifested by sociocultural and ecological studies (Harris, 1981; Otsuji and Pennycook, 2010), I put forth the need of applying the idea of a variable pedagogical norm, as postulated by Valdman (1989; 1992). The principal objective of the article is to present research elucidating the fact that the use of classroom activities respecting the pedagogical variable norm may contribute to the raising of students’ language awareness in respect to social and cultural linguistic diversity. Ultimately, this new awareness may contribute to the shift of attitudes towards language learning. The application of the variable pedagogical norm is indicative of critical language awareness of the teacher and helps develop a similar equivalent among students. Concluding, I dare say that developing autonomy in language learning seems impossible without the application of the pedagogical variable norm.
Family Language Policy (FLP) is a pioneering yet dynamically thriving interdisciplinary field of study, which successfully integrates language acquisition, multilingual studies, sociolinguistics and ecolinguistics. The present paper reports on the longitudinal case study of a Polish-Japanese family residing in the UK and the development of their family language policy. Through a specific focus on narrative data and observations, obtained in two cycles of research in 2014/15 and 2017, it illustrates the parents’ attitudes towards their minority languages (Polish and Japanese, respectively), the majority language (English) and their child’s multilingualism. Irrespective of the parents’ positive attitudes towards multilingualism and their declared efforts to raise a trilingual child, the original study (E. WąsikiewiczFirlej 2016) showed the dominance of the majority language in the family, and pointed to substantial difficulties in the maintenance of minority languages, which was mostly explicated by the child’s agency in shaping FLP. The results of the first stage of the study (2014/15) have been juxtaposed with the data obtained in 2017 in order to verify the parents’ declared vs. actual language management, as well as the dynamics of FLP over time. The findings have confirmed the assumed dynamic character of the family’s language policy, which is shaped by a range of constantly changing micro and macro factors, contributing to a better understanding of FLP sociolinguistic ecology.
The recent political and social events that took place in Europe made us all re-visit some of the basic assumptions of intercultural communication studies. According to the authors of this paper, most theoretical and empirical studies concerning intercultural communication seem to neglect the fact that some interlocutors are intentionally impolite and motivated by their racist and/or xenophobic views, which becomes visible in contact with representatives of other cultures, nationalities or countries. Such a behaviour may take the form of physical attacks while linguistic performance may include verbal/nonverbal signs of interlocutors’ prejudiced attitudes. Poland is no exception here. It is our conviction that: 1) there is a dire need to define what hate speech motivated by racism and/or xenophobic attitudes is and what its features are, and 2) linguistic research on this phenomenon can offer a considerable step forward in this area. Since there are apparently no clear criteria what constitutes an act of racially motivated verbal and nonverbal violence in Polish, the authors of this paper aim at portraying its characteristic features on the basis of semi-formal interviews carried out with migrants living in Poland. The research took place within the RADAR project (Regulating Anti-Discrimination and Anti-Racism), co-funded by the European Commission, and conducted in six of the European Union countries.
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