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Black futurology

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The Polish-Lithuanian state was at the summit of its power in the 16th century. It was fully entitled to be proud of a flourishing development of culture, of its military achievements and a successful economic development. Nevertheless, it was then that predictions of the state’s decline began to appear. The Catholic Church, too, felt itself endangered, its representatives resenting the toleration of numerous heresies. Complaints about corruption, which was quite frequent in judicature, were widespread. These black visions of the future multiplied in the second half of the 17th century. They materialised a hundred years later when after the three partitions the state lost its independence for 123 years (1795-1918).
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These are reminiscences devoted to professor Barbara Skarga (1919-2009), well known for her research into Polish 19th century philosophy and social thought. Her achievements in that field are very highly thought of. Recognised by the Soviet occupiers of Vilnius after 1944 as a person endangering their rule, she spend more than ten years in a Soviet penal labour camp. She later vividly described her experiences of that period in recollections which have been reprinted five times (there was also a French edition).
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Throughout the years of the communist regime in Poland the political censorship remained reluctant to accept the thematics of the Borderlands. Because all these territories were a part of the USSR at that time, it was probable that the Kreml would oppose Polish interest in the Borderlands’s history. It seemed impossible, yet, to disregard the great Polish Romantic poets, who had been born there and to ignore the significance of such centres of Polish culture as: Vilnius, Lviv, or Krzemieniec. Not until Poland regained independence (in 1989) that the memoirs of people who had owned palaces or manors on these lands, as well as the studies of its flourishing cultural life were published. These texts have presented a noticeable idealization of the Borderland’s image as Daniel Beauvois, a prominent French historian, points out in his monograph: Trójkąt ukraiński. Szlachta, carat i lud na Wołyniu, Podolu i Kijowszczyźnie 1793−1914.
EN
The article discusses a polemic that in 1961 developed in the Polish emigrant press appearing in London; it concerned the book entitled Millennium. A Thousand Years of Polish History, issued in Poland in several languages. Most objections were aroused by the presentation of Polish-Russian relations over the ages (especially in the 20th century). Three authors of the synthesis were accused of downright servility and national renegation. Marian Kukiel, an émigré authority on the history of modern Poland, defended their case. Pointing out the specific conditions and the constant pressure of censorship under which Polish historiography had to develop, he appraised highly the achievements of those researchers. However, he failed to convince a majority of the readers of the Polish emigrant press, as is testified by their letters in which they expressed their indignation.
Pamiętnik Literacki
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2015
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vol. 106
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issue 1
237-241
EN
Arians, called in the 17th c. Socynians or Polish Brethren, made a radical fraction of the Polish Reformation. For that reason they were liked neither by schismatics nor by Catholics. They were quite commonly reproached with rejection of faith into the Holy Trinity and with being sympathetic with the protestant Sweden. By the decline of the 19th c. their rehabilitation is observed, which is mirrored in the belles-lettres. One of its manifestations is Ludwika Dobrzyńska-Rybicka’s drama first staged in 1901 in Poznań. This literarily poor piece awaited no further performances. Its main protagonist Zygmunt Taszycki was more accurately known only in a narrow circle of fellow believers. The figure, however, is worthy of notice.
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Arianie, zwani w XVII stuleciu socynianami lub braćmi polskimi, stanowili radykalny odłam polskiej reformacji. Z tego właśnie powodu byli nielubiani zarówno przez różnowierców, jak i katolików. Dość powszechnie miano im za złe odrzucanie wiary w Trójcę Świętą, jak i sprzyjanie protestanckiej Szwecji. U schyłku XIX wieku zaczyna się rehabilitacja braci polskich, znajdująca odbicie w literaturze pięknej. Jednym z jej przejawów jest dramat Ludwiki Dobrzyńskiej-Rybickiej, wystawiony po raz pierwszy w roku 1901 w Poznaniu. Słaby literacko, nie doczekał się dalszych przedstawień. Jego główny bohater, Zygmunt Taszycki, był bliżej znany jedynie w dość wąskim kręgu współwyznawców. Postać ta zasługuje wszakże na przypomnienie.
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Przemiany polskiego patriotyzmu

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List do redakcji

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Dreams of a “New Poland”

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