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Historyczne uwarunkowania powstania ormiańskich i azerbejdżańskich partii politycznych na przełomie XIX i XX w

100%
Patlewicz B.
Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne
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2011
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vol. 31
140-166
EN
The primary impetus for what was to become the Armenian-Muslim conflict lay in Russian imperial expansion. At the time of Ivan the Terrible, circa the sixteenth century, Russians began a policy of expelling Muslims from lands they had conquered. Over the next three hundred years, Muslims, many of them Turks, were killed or driven out of what today is Ukraine, Crimea and the Caucasus. In the Caucasus region, 1.2 million Circassians and Abazians were either expelled or killed by Russians. Members of the Armenian minority in the Caucasus began to rebel against Muslim rule and to ally themselves with Russian invaders in the 1790s: Armenian armed units joined the Russians. In these wars, Muslims were massacred and forced into exile. Armenians in turn migrated into areas previously held by Muslims, such as Karabakh. This was the beginning of the division of the peoples of the southern Caucasus and eastern Anatolia into two conflicting sides – the Russian Empire and Armenians on one side, the Muslim Ottoman Empire on the other. Most Armenians and Muslims undoubtedly wanted nothing to do with this conflict, but the events were to force them to take sides. In response to the superior organization of the Dashnaktsutiun, various Muslim groups that had been fighting in a hit or miss fashion began to coordinate their actions. The Difai organizations was founded in Ganja, in 1906 on the initiative of some local notables, who thereby started their careers in politics.
2

Azerbejdżańska tożsamość narodowa przedstawiona w satyrycznym dwutygodniku "Mołła Nasreddin" (1906-1931)

100%
Patlewicz B.
Przegląd Orientalistyczny
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2013
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issue 1-2(245-246)
48-60
EN
It is hard to overestimate the role of “Molla Nasreddin”, a satiric magazine in Azerbaijani, in the development of the press in Caucasus. It was a pioneering activity which led to creating similar publications. “Tips of a feather are the driving force for a sword”, this proverb fully describes the eight-page biweekly which became one of the most influential newspapers in the history of Azerbaijan. The analysis of the texts and caricatures published in the “Molla Nasreddin” indicate the common aim of its authors. It was propagating the European model of society though not its copying. The publishers of the journal often mentioned the role of culture and education in creating identity. They provided clear criteria aimed at helping to differentiate real liberal values proclaimed by Western intelligentsia from Russian authoritarianism. According to them, adaptation to modernity should be gradual with the visible separation of the religion from cultural and social transformations. The journal was published with some breaks for 25 years, from 1906 to 1931, against political unrest started by the revolution in 1905, World War I, the Bolshevik revolution in 1917, establishing Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and its Soviet takeover in 1920.
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