The author of this article assumes that culturological and semantic studies of a language allow one to achieve particular results by drawing attention to linguistics, which plays a vital part in the semantic interpretation of all linguistic fields (maybe excluding phonetics). The meaning of linguistic signs itself conveys fundamental information about the picture of life and mentality that is typical of a given linguistic, cultural and ethnic group. Taking into consideration a cultural and semantic paradigm when analyzing Russian and Polish idioms with the lexical component земля/ziemia, the author draws a conclusion that the interpretation of the concept of land in the studied idioms is deeply anthropocentric. It also reveals the axiological attitude of Poles and Russians toward land.
In the article the author analyses Russian and Polish phrasemes that represent the conceptual field ”Memory” in both linguacultural spaces. In order to do this he relies on the postulates of Ryszard Tokarski’s theory of semantic connotation being the theory of the secondary semantic field, which constitutes the optional layer of the lexical meaning of a linguistic sign. On the basis of the conducted analysis of the selected phraseological data it can be concluded that the Polish and Russian commonsense attitude to the semantic interpretation of memory is similar. Additional connotative senses can be determined in this case, which are of an evaluative, emotional and stylistic nature.
This study constitutes an attempt to present views from contemporary cognitive linguistics on the definition and realization of the anthropocentric paradigm in the language system. On the basis of reseachers' opinions, the author comes to the conclusion that a language can be analyzed as a peculiar semantic system whose realization is related to a human being. The available results of linguistic object studies, which take into consideration the anthropocentric paradigm, prove that nowadays anthropocentrism should be presented as a linguistic category.
This article analyses the concept of “kinship” verbalized by fixed phrases made up of the lexemes “father” and “son” and by their derivatives in the contemporary Russian an Polish language. On the basis of acontrastive analysis of the collected factual material it can be stated that the nominations “father” and “son” as verbal dominants in Russian and Polish fixed phrases display acertain level of activity in the process of phrase formation. In many examples, the lexemes “father” and “son” are subject to semantic modifications, denoting generally the Man or aman. In most cases, the usage of the fixed phrases analysed in this study in Russian and Polish is convergent or identical acultural and historical standpoint.
PL
Artykuł został poświęcony analizie porównawczej konceptu „pokrewieństwo”, werbalizowanego frazemami zawierającymi w strukturze leksykalnej leksemy: „ojciec” i„syn” oraz utworzone od nich derywaty pochodne we współczesnym języku rosyjskim i polskim. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy zebranego rosyjskiego i polskiego materiału faktograficznego można stwierdzić, iż nominacje „ojciec” i„syn” jako dominanty w analizowanych w obu językach frazemach w większości przejawiają określony stopień aktywności frezeotwórczej. W wielu frazemach komponenty „ojciec” i„syn” podlegają określonym modyfikacjom semantycznym we frazeologizmach, oznaczając mężczyznę lub człowieka ogólnie. Większość analizowanych rosyjskich i polskich przykładów frazemów pod względem ich specyfiki kulturowej i historycznej oraz kontekstów ich użycia jest zbieżna lub tożsama.
An increase of interest in the cognitive approach to language studies may be observed in today’s linguistics. The approach appears with a special consideration paid to the anthropocentric and the axiological paradigms. The author of the article pays special attention to the subjective aspect of the concept of time fixed in the Russian and Polish phrases with the lexical components time and day. On the basis of the conducted analysis it can be concluded that time is interpreted through human experience and emotions. In everyday life time is measured by means of various units, including the one defined by the word day. The fact that time is presented anthropomorphically appears conspicuous. Time emerges in language not just as an abstract notion but rather as an active subject, characterized by various semantic and stylistic connotations.
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