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1
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Archeologiczny przyczynek do problematyki tzw. krzyży pokutnych

100%
Lechowicz Z.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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1983
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vol. 4
EN
In 1977 there were performed the salvage excavation researches near two stone penitential cros ses at Zerniki. They resulted in determining the chronology of the cros ses dating It back to 13th and 14th centuries. Between the se crosses there was discovered a single skeleton burial, which the author connects with a victim in the memory of which both stones were erected. Moreover in the vicinity of the crosses there were revealed fragmentarily preserved child burials dated to 17th century. The crosses from Zerniki represent an isolated find since they are situated outside a compact range of appearance of such relics, which in Poland encompasses only the Lower Silesia.
2
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Późnorzymska chata ze stanowiska 2 w Tokarni, gm. Chęciny, woj. kieleckie

100%
Lechowicz Z.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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1983
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vol. 4
EN
In the course of studies of a Late-Roman settlement at excavation site No. 2 at Tokarnia there was expo sed a relic of a big cottage (excavation 2, cottage No.1). In thiis article the author performs an analysis of the cottage equipment with a special attention focussed on ceramic vessels. This allows the author to carry out a functional division of the obtained set of ceramic vessels. Their comparison with storage dens points out that they were playing an essential role in storage of granular products including grains. The internal division of the object is attributed by the author to specialized cloth-weaving production. The analyzed object is dated to the first half of 5th century A.D.
3
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Jeszcze o siedzibie rycersko-szlacheckiej w Polsce

63%
Horbacz T. J., Lechowicz Z., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. A., Łódzki U.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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1984
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vol. 5
EN
Problems of formal and ideological ties between towers, the so-called, conical strongholds and tower manors are quite often discussed recently (L. Kajzer, T. Jakimowicz). A statement that conical strongholds are knightly residences situated in the centre of knight's estate as formulated by J. Kamińska and advocated for many years now does not seem to be the only accurate statement. Examples of settlements at Dmosin (Rawa district), Goszczewice (Radom district), and Burzenin (Sieradz district:) allow the authors to show the knightly estates in which a private town or market hamlet with a parish church as a knight's endowment represent an administrative centre. This observation makes one of prerequisites, which allowed to state that the so-called conical strongholds were erected in places of strategic importance. They were not erected on a knight's initiative but rather represented a strategic concept of the ruler. For these reasons the relationship between the tower in a conical stronghold and a tower manor should be perceived only in categories of symboliс representation. Past development of tower manors dates back to the beginnings of the state monarchy in which the nobility came to hold a privileged position. Manifestation of "knightly origins" of middle-rank noblemen's families was traced on the example of a manor-house at Zukow (Radon district). To the search for attributes of "knightly origins" - being a basic element in the propaganda concept of the nobility - the authors attribute acceptance of the tower-house “model" in Poland in 16th century.
4
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BADANIA ARCHEOLOGICZNO-ARCHITEKTONICZNE KOŚCIOŁA PW. ŚWIĘTYCH APOSTOŁÓW PIOTRA I PAWŁA W KRZYWORZECE W POWIECIE WIELUŃSKIM

51%
Filipowicz P., Kajzer L., Lechowicz Z.
Ochrona Zabytków
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2007
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issue 4
23-43
EN
Research conducted in the church in Krzyworzeka was carried out by a team from the Institute of Archaeology at Lódz University and the Regional Centre for the Study and Documentation of Historical Monuments in Lódz. The purposes of the investigations were both cognitive and conservation-related. The outcome provided fundamental data concerning the monument in question. The original church was erected on a rather simple plan, with a nave on an orthogonal projection, 9,94x11,69 m, and a narrower, presbytery with the shape of a reverse rectangle, 5,86 x 6,70 m. To the north, the presbytery was adjoined by a sacristy with a length corresponding to the presbytery and a ground floor 2,86x5,54 m large. The thickness of the nave walls totals about 1,55 m, and that of the presbytery and sacristy – 1,30 m. The nave and the presbytery were covered with a wooden ceiling, and the sacristy - with a barrel roof. A freestanding brick bell tower, 5,93x6,15 m. was erected to the south of the church. The stones used for building the walls are easily available and different sized erratic boulders collected while clearing the fields after the locatio, as well as sandstone broken in the deposit, accessible in the nearby outcrops in the river valley of the Krzywa. Smaller stones stabilising the layers of the wall were placed between the larger erratic boulders. The tendency towards preserving the wall faces is conspicuous in the church and the bell tower. The stones were segregated by arranging them with the flat parts towards the face, while the visible parts feature traces of hewing the faces.The bell tower displays nests left begin by the scaffolding, spaced every 1,3 -1,4 m, horizontally and about 1,1-1,2 m. vertically. The archaeological dig registers traces of vertical wooden posts, probably the remnants of the scaffolding, standing 0,3 m from the face wall and 2,3 m from each other. There is no doubt about the connection of the examined monument and the reign of Duke Boleslaw the Pious, the ruler of the land of Ruda, while the direct overseer and constructor supervising the construction was scultetus Theodoric, who located the village. The origin of the church should, therefore, be situated within a current of colonization based on German law (second half of the thirteenth century), totally unexamined as regards its socio-ethnic aspects and insufficiently studied historically. Presumably the architectural spatial model of the church in Krzyworzeka was imported from the birthplace of Theodoric and the colonists brought over by him. There are no data relating to Theodoric's descent, but we are entitled to assume that he could have come to the ducal court and then the land of Ruda from Silesia. The time of the erection of the church and the bell tower can be described approximately, since the locatio act issued in 1264 mentions 15 years exempt of all obligations and services. Such a time span would have made it possible to gather a suitable amount of building material and to erect a church together with a freestanding bell tower. One may accept that the construction was completed about 1280.
5
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PÓŹNOROMAŃSKI KOŚCIÓŁ P.W. ŚWIĘTEJ URSZULI I JEDENASTU TYSIĘCY DZIEWIC W STROŃSKU NAD WARTĄ INTERWENCYJNE BADANIA ARCHITEKTONICZNE W LATACH 2005-2006

51%
Filipowicz P., Kajzer L., Lechowicz Z.
Ochrona Zabytków
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2006
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issue 4
5-22
EN
In 2005 and 2006 the Institute of Archaeology at Lódz University and the Regional Centre for Monuments Study and Documentation in Lódz conducted architectural studies of the titular church in Stronsko (commune of a police), making it possible to identify a number of heretofore unknown elements of the original Romanesque solid of the church, the degree of its preservation, and the interior outfitting. The researchers also defined the chronology of particular phases in the development of the solid. The original Romanesque church was erected as a single-nave stone construction, with the outside face made of burnt brick possessing all the features of material tooled with stonework methods. The distinct elements of the solid composition included an apse, considerably reduced by the presbytery, a nave, and probably a two-tower western massif. The brick conch ceiling of the apse was closed from the side of the presbytery with a double archivolt. The presbytery featured a brick cradle ceiling, and from the nave was closed with a semicircular arcade of the rood beam. The pillars of the arch and the apse were straight and non-molded. The church was probably covered with an open roof truss. An examination of the western scope of the nave, based on archaeological methods, facilitated a recreation of the original plan of the church. The area of the towers was outfitted with a western gallery connected with a staircase in the north-western corner of the nave. The altar table was a brick mensa. The church was entered through a portal, featuring the extant original carved tympanum. The interior of the building was not plastered, and the presbytery was decorated with polychrome. Additional light was provided by six small window openings in the northern and southern walls. A single window was located along the axis of the apse.
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