W artykule starano się omówić Prusowską wizję religii, zwłaszcza Boga, zawartą w powieści o starożytnym Egipcie. Tekst składa się z dwóch zasadniczych części: 1) „Geneza Faraona”, 2) „Religie w Faraonie. Jednowyrazowe określenia Boga/bóstw”. Autorka przybliża czytelnikowi przede wszystkim zawartość semantyczno-stylistyczną leksemu Bóg/bóg, uwarunkowaną rzeczywistością historyczną i powieściową, a także sposobem prezentacji, uzależnionym od rodzaju narracji (narrator XIX-wieczny i starożytny). Analizie poddano również inne, jednowyrazowe określenia Boga/bogów, zwłaszcza imiona poszczególnych postaci boskich. Tekst zamyka konkluzja o monoteistycznym obrazie Boga w Faraonie, przy czym ów monoteizm obejmuje dwie niezupełnie tożsame istoty – jedną z nich jest Bóg ogólnoludzki, najbliższy Prusowi, drugą zaś Bóg żydowski, traktujący swój lud w sposób wyjątkowy, jako naród wybrany. Politeistyczną wizję bogów ukazanych w Faraonie tłumaczą głównie względy wychowawczo-polityczno-ekologiczne.
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The article intends to outline Prus’ vision of religion, and of God in particular, included in the novel on ancient Egypt. The text comprises two basic parts: 1) “Genesis of Faraon”, 2) “Religions in Faraon”. One-word terms relating to God/gods. Essentially, the author discusses the semantic and stylistic content of the lexeme God/gods conditioned by the historical and literary reality as well as its discursive presentation which, in turn, depends on the type of narration (a 19th century narrator and an ancient one). Moreover, other one-word terms relating to God/gods are analysed, vitally the names of particular divine forms. The paper’s conclusion is that Faraon offers a monotheistic picture of God albeit the monotheism incorporates two beings which cannot be fully identified with each other. One of them is God in the general sense, with whom Prus seems closely affiliated, and the other one is the Jewish God who treats his followers as the chosen people. The polytheistic vision of gods pictured in Faraon can be accounted for primarily by educational, political and ecological factors.
The paper provides an analysis of periphrastic constructions connected with death, thatappear in all texts (both literary and publicistic ones) by Aleksander Głowacki. It hasbeen divided into three basic thematic units, taking into consideration the semanticcategories and subcategories of the selected material:I. Periphrases of death and the process of dying.A. Death as a dream, rest, alleviation.B. Death as a migration, journey to God.a) to die – to go away, to go, to finish one’s journey;b) to die – to embark on a journey;c) to die – to get to the other side of the river, to fly away, to escape;d) to die – to be with God, to be called by God.
The article represents an overview of ca. 30 works dedicated toconsiderations on idiolect and idiostyle and the methods proposed by linguists in order to describe individual authors’ languages properly. The text initiating such considerations is the article by Zenon Klemensiewicz published in 1946 representing the starting point for discussions taken up again and again andstill unsolved. The discussions concern terminological and methodological settlings in stylistic research, focused on attempts of holistic or partial characteristics of languages of individual fiction or non-fiction authors. The authoress closes the presentation with a suggestion bringing the research methodson idiolects and idiostyle to three principal terms: methodoligicalterminological compromise, contextuality, functionality.
The text constitutes a detailed review of linguistic literature which is devoted to the analysis of language layer of Aleksander Głowacki writing. The author has tried to take into account the widest possible scope of studies regarding the language of the outstanding novelist. She also warned, that due to obvious reasons, she did not familiarize herself with all linguistic works regarding Prus, published in various magazines, academic writings or post-conference volumes. Presented literature covers works created between years 1918-2009. They were written in Polish and they constitute a collection of almost 70 publications concerning Prus linguistics. The books and articles were divided into 5 groups: 1. General works. 2. Works regarding vocabulary, idiomatic expressions, inflection and word formation. 3. Works regarding syntax. 4. Works regarding stylistics and stylization. 5. Other. Besides studies entirely about the language of Lalka’s author, the article also refers to many works only partially devoted to linguistic matters in Prus work.