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EN
The 2014 European Parliament election began an unprecedented increase of societal support for Eurosceptic parties. They topped the polls in some EU member states and often gained parliamentary representation for the fi rst time. For that reason, it is necessary to deepen knowledge about the Eurosceptic identity. This paper is focused on the Eurosceptic attitude towards the EU’s external actions. A Constructivist approach is used to achieve that goal, in particular the concept of discursive nodal points (DNP) created by Thomas Diez. Opening with an analysis of notions of Euroscepticism and the DNP, the paper shows DNPs in Eurosceptic discourses about TTIP, the conflict in Eastern Ukraine, and the EU’s environmental policy. As a result of that analysis, DNPs in the Eurosceptic discourse about the EU’s external actions as a whole are teased out. These DNPs are used to define a meta-narrative in the Eurosceptic discourse about the EU’s external actions. In conclusion, the Author claims that an assentation for EU’s activity in some external areas from Eurosceptic politicians could mean that they have moved from Euroscepticism to Eurorealism, which means that the appearance of Eurosceptic parties in national and European legislatures could signal a shift away from Eurosceptic orthodoxy, and therefore away from its original identity.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje możliwości, jakie daje konstruktywistyczna perspektywa badawcza w zakresie analizowania postaw i zachowań eurosceptycznych eurodeputowanych w obrębie działań zewnętrznych Unii Europejskiej. Autor, poprzez dokonaną analizę, stara się pokazać, iż konstruktywizm pozwala nie tylko wytłumaczyć odbiegające od „eurosceptycznej ortodoksji” postawy wspomnianych polityków w badanym obszarze, ale również uwidacznia zachodzącą u nich ewolucję postaw i tożsamości. Za główną przyczynę tego zjawiska autor uznaje wewnętrzną organizację Parlamentu Europejskiego, która ograniczając możliwości działania członków małych grup politycznych, wymusza na nich określone formy aktywności, prowadząc tym samym do ewolucji ich tożsamości. Na koniec wskazane zostały uwidocznione przez konstruktywizm konsekwencje określonych zachowań polityków eurosceptycznych, w tym przede wszystkim − wykształcenie się w analizowanym obszarze „dyskursywnych punktów węzłowych”, „europejskiej republiki dyplomatycznej”, oraz – ze względu na udział omawianych polityków w debatach na forum PE – „europejskiej sfery publicznej”.
EN
This paper presents possibilities offered by the constructivist approach to analysing behaviours and attitudes of Eurosceptical MEPs towards the EU’s external actions. The analysis conducted in this paper shows that constructivism is very useful in explaining why Eurosceptics’ behaviour is often unusual in the field of European foreign policy. It also shows the evolution of Eurosceptic attitudes and identity. The inner organisation of the European Parliament is the main reason of this situation. The behaviour of small EP political groups is limited by the EP statute. It pushes Eurosceptical politicians to take part in debates within the EP framework, which has a significant influence on their identity. The final part of the paper shows the consequences of this process. The first of these are the “discursive nodal points” present in the Eurosceptical debates. The second is a “diplomatic republic of Europe” built between Eurosceptics in the EP. The third and final consequence is a “European public sphere” which emerges because Eurosceptics take part in EP debates.
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