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PL
Opracowanie poświęcone jest problematyce naruszenia drugiego medycznego zastosowania w świetle systemu refundacyjnego. Inspiracją do napisania artykułu były dwa niedawne rozbieżne orzeczenia sądów obcych. Sądy te rozważały czy sprzedaż leków odtwórczych z oficjalnymi (określonymi na ulotce) wskazaniami do zastosowania w zakresie nieobjętym patentem może zostać uznana za naruszenie patentu dotyczącego drugiego medycznego zastosowania w sytuacji, gdy z okoliczności sprawy wynikało, że leki te były faktyczne stosowane we wskazaniach objętych tym patentem (tj. off-label – poza wskazaniami zarejestrowanymi dla tego leku). Sądy oparły się na odmiennej argumentacji prawnej, co doprowadziło do wydania rozbieżnych rozstrzygnięć. W nawiązaniu do tych orzeczeń zamierzeniem autora opracowania jest udzielenie odpowiedzi na następujące pytanie – czy celowe jest ograniczenie zakresu patentu na drugie zastosowanie medyczne, w przypadku gdy leki oparte na danej substancji podlegają refundacji, w celu zapewnienia szerszego dostępu do tych leków pacjentom.
EN
This paper relates to patent infringements on second medical use in the light of competition law and the reimbursement system. It is inspired by two recent rulings delivered by English and Dutch courts. They have considered whether the sale of generic drugs may be regarded as an infringement of a patent relating to a second medical use (not indicated on the labels) in situations where the facts of the case showed that these drugs have actually been used in a way covered by this patent (ie. off-label use). In the light of these rulings, the main purpose of this paper is to answer the question whether it is appropriate, in the light of competition law, to limit the scope of the patent on second medical use in situations where drugs based on the substance are subject to reimbursement, in order to provide wider access to these drugs to patients.
EN
The subject of this paper is the ethical, legal and social implications of the use of artificial intelligence systems. The problem of regulating the operation of AI systems is an important research issue, particularly in the context of their increasing use and the numerous risks involved, such as those related to discrimination and the protection of fundamental rights. Research in this area was made possible by the European Commission’s presentation of a draft regulation on artificial intelligence. It was necessary to explore and examine it in the light of the methodological instruments classically used in the discipline of legal sciences, with particular emphasis on the formal-dogmatic method and with an assessment of the practical dimension of the institutions analysed in the project. In order to ensure the clarity of the study, essential parts of the considerations were separated, such as general and specific issues, within which specific elements of the draft act were analysed. The aim of the research was to determine whether the draft regulation provides effective protection of fundamental rights and the creation of safe, reliable and ethically sound mechanisms of artificial intelligence. This issue has not yet been comprehensively analysed in the Polish literature. The article is a valuable contribution of the Polish doctrine to the analysis of the draft act and proposes necessary directions for changes.
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