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Mark Ilič Neustadt, wybitny palinolog i paleogeograf, badacz torfowisk i jezior Eurazji (1903–1985)

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ŻUREK S.

Prace Komisji Historii Nauki PAU

2013

vol. 12

131-153

Mark Neustadt was born in 1903 in Nevel, in the vicinity of Vitebsk. He studied geobotany at the Moscow State University. In the years 1925–1948, he worked at the Central Peat Bog Experimental Station in Moscow. His initial research covered several great peatlands and two lakes in the Pierieslav Region. He discovered an islet on Lake Somino (in 1926) on which Holocene peat (0,5 m) and gytt ja (39,5 m) reached the highest thickness in the world, i.e. 40 m. In 1949, he performed a coring reaching 38 m by means of a manual Hiller’s corer. The profi le was comprehensively analysed (pollen analyses, 14C datings, diatom analysis, palaeozoological analyses of gytt ja). In the early 1930’s, in the scope of an expedition, he studied a number of peatlands of the Kamchatka Peninsula, discovering inserts of ash in peats, and becoming one of the fi rst creators of a new fi eld of knowledge – tephrochronology. He also conducted studies on the raised bogs of the southern part of West Siberia. Already in his early works, beginning from 1926, he applied pollen analysis dating peats and gytt jas. In 1948, he moved to the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where he acted as scientifi c director for 13 years, and a consultant after retiring. In a number of his works, he developed his patt ern of palaeogeographical changes after the last glaciation in Russia and Europe, based on research on peatlands and lakes. He correlated the beginning of the Holocene with the oldest sediments of modern peatlands and lakes, i.e. those from 12 thousand years ago. In his professorial (doctoral) dissertation, issued in 1957 (400 pages), based on 156 pollen diagrams (27 own diagrams), he distinguished 26 geographical types of pollen diagrams. He discussed the history of trees in the Holocene: Older (9.5–12 thousand years ago), Early (7.0–9.5 thousand years ago), Middle (2.5–7.0 thousand years ago), and Late (0–2.5 thousand years ago), as well as changes of climatic -vegetation zones during that time. He simultaneously published two bibliographies of Russian palynological papers for the years 1906–1957 (2558 items). In 1971, Neustadt was awarded the fourth G. Erdtman gold medal, and became Deputy President (1971–1976) of the International Commission for Palynology (ICP, currently IFPS). His achievements in the scope of a fi eld of knowledge called telmatology (studies on peatlands) were outstanding. Already in 1930, after collecting 3000 items of literature, he wrote its synthetic review from the ancient times to 1885 together with I. Makarow. In 1939, he edited a two -volume, fi rst in the world, text book „Methods of research on peat deposits”. He was the author of several basic chapters in the book (vegetation of peatlands, studies on gytt ja, brown mosses in peat, pollen analysis). In the early 1960’s, he initiated studies regarding the boundary horizon in peats, chronology, and division and bott om boundary of the Holocene based on the 14C method. In the 1970’s, a palaeogeographical team from the institute conducted research on the wetlands and peatlands of West Siberia under his supervision. From 1957, he was a scientifi c secretary of the Russian section of the International Union for Quaternary Science (INQUA). Starting in 1961, when the 6th Congress of the organisation was held in Warsaw, he participated in all the consecutive congresses until the 11th edition, held in Moscow in 1982. In 1969 in Paris, he issued the only so far history of INQUA congresses. He gave lectures mostly concerning the Holocene at almost each of them. In 1969, he received a diploma for his merits for Quaternary studies. From 1971, he was an honorary member of INQUA. M. Neustadt was also one of the most important authors of two cartographic works: „The atlas of peat deposits of the Soviet Union” and „The palaeogeography of Europe for the last 100 thousand years”. Throughout his hard -working life, he actively participated in all the important conferences, symposia, and congresses concerning peatlands, lakes, palynology, or palaeogeography of the Holocene.

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1 Prace Komisji Historii Nauki PAU

1 ŻUREK S.

1 2013

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Mark Ilič Neustadt, wybitny palinolog i paleogeograf, badacz torfowisk i jezior Eurazji (1903–1985)