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The Unobserved Economy − Invisible Production in Households. The Household Production Satellite Account and the National Time Transfer Account

100%
Marszałek M.
Statistics in Transition new series
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2020
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vol. 21
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issue 3
149-169
EN
Standard measures of economic activity relate to goods and services offered by the market. Stiglitz’s report, however, suggests that not only monetary value or economic products create welfare, but non-monetary components should also be included in the System of National Accounts. Although household production is registered in official statistics, the main part of it, i.e. nearly 75-80% of the total home production remains outside of the GDP. The Household Production Satellite Account (HHSA) is a macroeconomic analysis covering both market and non-market home production. The National Time Transfer Accounts (NTTA) is, next to HHSA, an analysis aimed to register and observe the directions of transfers and to present the recipients and givers of home production. Regular estimations provided by the HHSA and NTTA may prove a valuable supporting tool to national accounts, pension systems, or social policy as they provide a great deal of macroeconomic information regarding households, their economic and living conditions, social changes, and welfare.
2
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Households' invisible input to the economy: a review of its measurement methods and results

100%
Marszałek M.
Statistics in Transition new series
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2025
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vol. 26
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issue 2
151-175
EN
Unpaid domestic work is the main part of non-market household production which is not covered by national statistics (GDP). The monetary value of unpaid work is identified within the gross value added (GVA), which is 60-80% of (the invisible) non-market household production. GVA of unpaid work provides significant information about the household sector and its impact on the national economy even if some part of that production is unobserved. After long discussions, a consensus was achieved and the input method was approved and used in the estimates of unpaid work in the Household Satellite Accounts (HHSA). However, the consensus is still in the process of household estimations. This paper shows that different wages used in input methods do not change the final proportion of the GVA of unpaid work to total household production. The analysis also confirms that, in accordance with UNECE and Eurostat, a regular implementation of the HHSA alongside the core system - the European System of Accounts - is a valuable and comprehensive tool for assessing the total output of household production (both market and non-market).
3
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Household Production Satellite Account as an Integral Account for Estimating Value Added in the National Economy

100%
Marszałek M.
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics
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2025
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vol. 29
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issue 1
1-14
PL
Cel: Celem artykułu jest oszacowanie wartości dodanej i PKB w zakresie rynkowej i nierynkowej produkcji domowej, prezentowanej w satelitarnym rachunku produkcji domowej. Rachunki satelitarne uzupełniają oficjalne statystyki o wartość nierynkowej produkcji zrealizowanej w sektorach lub dziedzinach. Określenie wartości nierynkowej produkcji domowej w Polsce oraz jej porównanie do PKB dostarcza kluczowych informacji o sytuacji społeczno-ekonomicznej gospodarstw domowych. Metodyka: W analizie zastosowano metodę nakładu (input method), w której wartość pracy domowej, stanowiącej około 80% całkowitej wartości produkcji domowej, oszacowano na podstawie badań budżetu czasu. Wykorzystano również inne źródła, takie jak badania budżetów gospodarstw domowych, struktura wynagrodzeń według zawodów oraz rachunki narodowe. Do wyceny pracy domowej użyto metody stawek rynkowych, zapewniającej bardziej precyzyjne wyniki niż metoda stawki jednolitej. Wyniki: W 2023 r. wartość PKB Polski wyniosła 3 410,1 mld zł, a nierynkowa produkcja domowa stanowiła dodatkowe 46,5% w relacji do PKB. Wartość pracy domowej oszacowano na 79,9% nierynkowej produkcji gospodarstw domowych. W modelu rozszerzonego PKB łączną wartość produkcji domowej (rynkowej i nierynkowej) oszacowano na poziomie 34,6-36,5% PKB. Implikacje i rekomendacje: Wyniki wskazują, że nieuwzględnianie nierynkowej produkcji domowej może prowadzić do błędnych wniosków na temat sytuacji gospodarczej. Eurostat i UNECE zalecają regularne kalkulacje rachunków satelitarnych, by dostarczać pełniejszy obraz gospodarki. Włączenie tych danych do rachunków narodowych, bez nadmiernego obciążania systemu statystycznego, pozwala na lepszą ocenę wkładu gospodarstw domowych w gospodarkę. Oryginalność/wartość: Włączenie do rachunków narodowych wyceny nierynkowej produkcji domowej w postaci rachunku satelitarnego nie obciąża nadmiernie systemu statystyki społecznej, ponieważ dane, które są w nim wykorzystywane pochodzą z innych dostępnych źródeł statystyki publicznej.
EN
Aim: Satellite accounts provide an integrated economic framework that complements the System of National Accounts (SNA) by capturing economic activities not fully represented in core statistics. This study presents the Household Production Satellite Account (HPSA) as an example of best practices in extending official statistics. The primary goal is to estimate the monetary value of domestic work and household production (market and non-market) in Poland, contributing to an extended GDP model. Methodology: Following the ESA 2010 methodology, this study applies the input and replacement cost methods to assess unpaid labour, using the specialist wage approach to estimate housework value. Results: In 2023, Poland’s GDP was PLN 3,410.1 billion, with non-SNA household production accountting for additional 46.5% to GDP. The value of domestic labour was PLN 1,605.9 billion, representing 79.9% of non-market household production. When using an extended economic framework, household production constituted 34.6-36.5% of the national economy. Implications and recommendations: The results highlight the substantial contribution of household production, often overlooked in economic assessments. Regular valuation of satellite accounts, as recommended by Eurostat and UNECE, would improve economic analysis. Integrating these accounts into national statistics provides a more comprehensive view of household contributions, reducing distortions in economic indicators. Originality/value: The most anticipated outcome of the analysis was the estimation of the gross value added of non-market household production and its comparison to the GDP for the total national economy across from 2003 to 2023.
4
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Satellite account of household production. Methodological remarks and results for Poland

63%
Błaszczak-Przybycińska I., Marszałek M.
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics
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2019
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issue vol. 23 no. 1
61-76
EN
The household production is a big aggregate which has no reflection in the current European system of national accounts. The market value of that production accounts for less than 10- 15% of the total household production. Generally, household production can be estimated using the input method. Unpaid household work is the main input. There were many proposals of the way of estimating household work, but most economists prefer the market cost method. The first full sequence of accounts, entitled the Household Production Satellite Account for Poland (HHSA) was developed for 2011. It was proven that the value of the household work constitutes approximately 80% of the total value of household production, while the total value of household production in relation to GDP amounted to approximately 36.5%. Providing the regular calculation of the HHSA, which is a supporting tool for the core national accounts, will allow the recognition and better understanding of the transfers and interactions between the market and households. The value and size of the goods and services produced by households can be compared with similar products produced on the market by enterprises.
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