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Ciężar zła – cierpienie, a odpowiedzialność w filozofii Emmanuela Levinasa

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Kamiński Ł.

Kwartalnik Filozoficzny

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2021

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vol. 49

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issue 1-4

95-118

EN

This text is an attempt at interpreting the main elements of Levinas’s philosophy in the context of evil. I try to show what evil is and what meaning it has in Levinasian ethics. For Levinas and for other contemporary thinkers, the main point of reference in ethical considerations was the Holocaust. After surviving these horrible events, the author of Totality and Infinity kept asking the question: Are we deceived by morality? Levinas points out both the temptation of theodicy and its collapse. The temptation of theodicy in its general shape refers to the negation or justification of evil, especially when it comes to the suffering of the Other. Behind the justification there is always the threat of the kind of moral indifference which supports the distribution and production of evil. In fact, Levinas’s entire philosophy may be treated as an ethical response to evil, achieved by providing an explication of responsibility as the primal ethical structure. Against this background, I provide a characterisation of evil based on the Levinasian considerations about pain. The key concept of this text is the relationship between evil and being and the formation of the self. Another important issue is the question of linking evil with responsibility and one’s relation with the Other. The main theses of the article are: Evil meant as useless suffering contained in the very structures of being, and also Evil as a phenomenon which designates the domain of ethics.

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Zło. Zdrada, a porządek społeczny. Porównanie koncepcji zła J. Tischner i A. Ophira

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Kamiński Ł.

Kwartalnik Filozoficzny

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2017

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vol. 45

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issue 3

65-88

EN

This article is a comparison of two concepts of evil. The first is the concept of dialogical evil in Józef Tischner's philosophy, where the category of betrayal plays an especially important role. The second is to be found in the work of the Israeli philosopher Adi Ophir, who portrays evil as part of what exists and places it within social order. The main issues dealt with in the text are what evil is, where we should place it, and where it is born. The problem of evil in Tischner's philosophy is related to the human way of feeling and perceiving the world, and to the relations between people. Furthermore, it is related to the human mind and the ways it experiences pain or suffering. The main issue for Tischner was how evil is experienced, and how it arises and acts. In contrast, Adi Ophir in his philosophy of evil pays attention mostly to the social order and the order of things. On the one hand, he places evil in order of things, as part of what is there. On the other, he connects evil with social order, with its production and distribution. Ophir shows how evil is created and spread through the social system. He uses the category of superfluity to describe the main quality of evils. His theory refers to the way of evil is thematized as suffering and damage, and to the problems of prevention and compensation. The main issue of the article is the question of what evil is more closely related to – is it the constitution of the self, feelings, thinking, and perceiving, or is it the social order and human relations in a system of exchange. Generally, the thesis presented here is that evil should be the main interest of the moral domain.

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[Dyskusja] Między Październikiem a Czerwcem. PRL 1956–1976

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Waligóra G., Friszke A., Eisler J., Rokicki K., Kamiński Ł., Waligóra G.

Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość

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2012

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issue 1(19)

13-44

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2 Kwartalnik Filozoficzny

1 Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość

3 Kamiński Ł.

1 Eisler J.

1 Friszke A.

1 Rokicki K.

1 Waligóra G.

1 2021

1 2017

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Ciężar zła – cierpienie, a odpowiedzialność w filozofii Emmanuela Levinasa

Zło. Zdrada, a porządek społeczny. Porównanie koncepcji zła J. Tischner i A. Ophira

[Dyskusja] Między Październikiem a Czerwcem. PRL 1956–1976