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Kilka uwag do założeń do projektu ustawy o zmianie ustawy o zagospodarowaniu wspólnot gruntowych

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Marciniuk K.
Studia Iuridica Agraria
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2012
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vol. 10
535-548
EN
Common lands constitute a carry over from the ownership transformations that occurred in Poland during the 19th century as feudalism drew to an end. Common lands constitute a form of joint ownership enjoyed by the residents of a given village. Typically, a villager’s share in the common land is based upon the size of the person’s farm. The majority of “Commons” were created during the 19th Century, however, in practice some Commons can be traced back more than 600 years. Today in Poland more than 5,100 Commons exist, covering an area of approximately 107,000 hectares. Of this number, the legal status of nearly 3,500 Commons is not clear, resulting in most of these properties being off the market. The management and administration of Commons is regulated by the Common Lands Act (“Act”) dating back to 1963. Today the Act is inadequate to properly address the current and future use of the Commons. The current mechanism used to determine a person’s right to use a particular common land, as well as his or her share in ownership, is inadequate and inefficient. In response to the growing difficulties in managing the Commons, the Polish government is currently working to amend the Act. Once enacted, the proposed amendments are intended to implement a new set of rules to determine the legal status of the Commons, as well as to determine legal title to such common lands. Under the proposed amendments, the legal status for each property regarded as common land will be determined on the basis of documentation, and in the event such documentation does not exist, on the basis of the factual state of such land during the previous five year period. Within first 6 months following amendment of the Act, interested parties will be able to submit applications to indicate which properties comprise the Commons, and the share of ownership afforded to specific individuals. If a particular Commons is not claimed by entitled parties, ownership of such property will be awarded to the local municipality or to the State Treasury. This article examines whether the proposed amendments will in fact resolve current questions and disputes regarding the legal status of Commons.
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Inwestycje budowlane na gruntach rolnych położonych w granicach administracyjnych miast

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Marciniuk K.
Studia Iuridica Agraria
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2011
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vol. 9
368-375
EN
Pursuant to the new article 5b of the Act on the protection of agricultural and afforested lands as amended on 19 December 2008 agricultural lands situated within the administrative borders of cities has been excluded from the scope of this Act. As a consequence, changing conditions of development of such agricultural lands is now subject to the planning and development Act only. Legislator settled the conflict of two values deciding that the need of protection of agricultural lands should not hinder the urbanization processes within the city limits. The article discusses regulatory environment created as a result of the mentioned amendment of the Act, presenting in particular potential threats that due to the actual lack of master plans and inefficient regulations promoting enactment thereof, large areas of undeveloped agricultural lands located within the city limits will be developed in accordance with individual planning permits, where the current planning and development Act does not provide for the precise criteria for issuing such planning permits in undeveloped areas that used to be a farmlands. So–called good neighborhood rule, which assumes continuation and duplication of already existing solutions seems to be inadequate tool to the needs of urbanization of undeveloped areas, to which agricultural lands are very often counted. The author expresses opinion that the issue of providing sufficient amount of investment areas for the city development purposes has much broader dimension and may not be limited to formal status conversion. Effective transformation of agricultural production areas into investment areas requires enactment of the local master plans determining not only possibilities of non–agricultural development of particular plots but also indicating scope and basic rules for required mergers and/or divisions of land necessary for it’s development, and regulating principles of development of technical and communication infrastructure (e.g. road system), drainage, environmental protection and other issues, which cannot be effectively addressed on the individual decisions level. The permanent solution of this problem would require deeper system changes particularly in development planning regulations.
3
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Problematyka rolna w świetle nowej umowy handlowej UE–USA (Transatlantic Trade & Investment Agreement)

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Marciniuk K.
Studia Iuridica Agraria
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2013
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vol. 11
227-241
EN
On 8 July 2013 the United States and the European Union commenced negotiations over new trade agreement – Transatlanctic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). Once concluded, the TTIP may turn to be one of the most significant free trade agreements. It’s importance would not be limited to the bilateral trade relations between the United States and the European Union, but most probably, achieving agreement over TTIP will reinvigorate negotiations over the global agreement during the WTO’s Doha Round. Agriculture seems to be one of the most difficult, but equally most significant issues. Author presents the background of current differences over the agricultural issues on both sides of the Atlantic and identifies main topics and challenges on the way to the agreement, e.g.: the level of duties for agricultural products and the pace of their elimination, sanitary and phytosanitary issues, GIs, new technologies in food production, export subsidies as well as food aid. Potential agreement over these issues will trigger significant changes in legal regulations regarding agriculture in the United States as well as in the European Union and its member states, including Poland.
4
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Main Directions and Normative Areas of Agricultural Land Protection

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Marciniuk K.
Studia Iuridica Lublinensia
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2020
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vol. 29
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issue 2
EN
The subject of the considerations presented in the article is the shape of modern regulations on the protection of agricultural land. The analysis is conducted primarily in the field of protective provisions regarding the so-called quantitative and qualitative protection of agricultural land, as well as economic instruments correlated with these provisions for the protection of agricultural land. Other regulatory areas, including predominantly the existing and discussed solutions of European Union law regarding closer linking of agricultural producer support instruments with requirements in the field of environmental protection, within the scope of the so-called conditionality and greening. The subject of the study is not only the analysis of traditional directions of agricultural land protection as a means of production in agriculture, but also an attempt to determine the areas and directions for further development of this regulation.
PL
Przedmiotem rozważań prezentowanych w artykule jest kształt współczesnej regulacji dotyczącej ochrony gruntów rolnych. Analiza prowadzona jest głównie w zakresie przepisów ochronnych dotyczących tzw. ochrony ilościowej i jakościowej gruntów rolnych, a także skorelowanych z tymi przepisami instrumentów ekonomicznych ochrony gruntów rolnych. Przedmiotem rozważań są również inne płaszczyzny regulacyjne, w tym przede wszystkim istniejące i dyskutowane rozwiązania prawa Unii Europejskiej dotyczące ściślejszego powiązania instrumentów wsparcia producentów rolnych z wymaganiami w zakresie ochrony środowiska naturalnego, w zakresie tzw. warunkowości i zazieleniania. Przedmiotem opracowania jest zarówno analiza tradycyjnych kierunków ochrony gruntów rolnych jako środka produkcji w rolnictwie, jak i próba określenia płaszczyzn dalszego rozwoju tej regulacji.
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Agricultural Real Property as a Subject of Limitations on Transactions Transferring Ownership

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Marciniuk K.
Studia Iuridica Lublinensia
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2017
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vol. 26
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issue 1
EN
The article introduces a definition of agricultural real property based on various legal acts – before the adoption of the Civil Code, pursuant to Article 461 of the Civil Code and the Act on Shaping the Agricultural Regime; it also describes the criteria of establishing the property as being used for agricultural properties. It features the assessment of the legal character of a property being recorded in the cadaster as agricultural and establishing properties as agricultural in zoning acts and the Act on Zoning and Development. The article also tells the story of limitation of trading agricultural land in Poland, focusing largely on the most recent and very extreme limitation introduced by the Act on Ceasing the Sale of Property Owned by the State Treasury and amending certain other acts of 14 April 2016 and reviews the procedure and legal conditioning of obtaining a permit to sell agricultural property, granted by means of an administrative decision issued by the President of the Agricultural Property Agency and the potential consequences of its invalidity. The article provides a complex review of a wide range of issues related to the limitations on transactions involving agricultural real property.
PL
Przedmiotem rozważań prezentowanych w artykule jest kształtowanie się normatywnej treści definicji pojęcia nieruchomości rolnej jako przedmiotu reglamentacji obrotu własnościowego. Analiza prowadzona jest na gruncie szeregu aktów prawnych na przestrzeni lat – przed uchwaleniem kodeksu cywilnego, zgodnie z treścią art. 461 Kodeksu cywilnego, na gruncie ustawy o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego. Przedmiotem rozważań są także: kryteria uznawania nieruchomości za wykorzystywaną na cele produkcji rolnej, ocena prawnego charakteru wpisu klasyfikacji gruntów jako rolnych w ewidencji gruntów i budynków, określania gruntów jako rolnych w aktach planowania przestrzennego oraz na gruncie samej ustawy o planowaniu i zagospodarowaniu przestrzennym. Autor opisuje również historię reglamentacji obrotu ziemią rolną w Polsce, poświęcając dużo miejsca zmianom wprowadzonym ustawą z dnia 14 kwietnia 2016 r. o wstrzymaniu sprzedaży nieruchomości Zasobu Własności Rolnej Skarbu Państwa oraz o zmianie niektórych ustaw. Opracowanie obejmuje ponadto analizę podstaw materialnoprawnych i postępowania w sprawie wyrażania zgody na zbycie nieruchomości rolnej, udzielanej w drodze decyzji administracyjnej wydawanej przez Prezesa Agencji Nieruchomości Rolnych, oraz potencjalne konsekwencje jej wadliwości dla obrotu gruntami rolnymi. Zostały też opisane inne zagadnienia związane z ograniczeniami obrotem nieruchomościami rolnymi w Polsce.
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