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The role of the European Union and democratisation process in post-communist Romania

100%
Bharti M. S.
Reality of Politics
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2023
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issue 23
7-33
EN
The fall of Communism in the Central and Eastern European countries in the year 1989, was a historical change had occurred after the demise of communism. The decline of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 was one of the most important proceedings of the period: the conclusive end of the Cold War and the Iron Curtain. After the disintegration of the former USSR, the Eastern bloc had started the modernisation of institutions and adopted the norms of democracy. The third wave of democratisation of Samuel P. Huntington’s theory would apply the democratic changes in Central and Eastern Europe and Romania as well. It traces the discussions and opinions of institutional and political development in Romania with special attention to the events around 1989 Post-communism and Eastern enlargement of the European Union. The paper assesses the role of the European Union to promote democratization through Eastern neighbour policy. The paper broadly discusses the institutional and political development in Romania and the role of Copenhagen criteria and the country’s accession to the EU in early 2007. The result of this article is that Romania has successfully integrated into the European Union but that democratization is declining in the country.
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China’s BRI in Central and Eastern European Countries: The Role of ‘17+1’ Framework for Regional Economic Cooperation

100%
Bharti M. S.
Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne
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2022
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vol. 76
241-262
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest opisanie chińskiej inicjatywy BRI (Belt & Road Initiative, „Jeden pas, jedna droga”) w kontekście szerszej współpracy gospodarczej między krajami Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Przedstawione badanie dotyczy rozwoju infrastruktury w krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w ramach inicjatywy 17+1 w całym regionie. Ponadto zanalizowano różne podejścia do współpracy gospodarczej między krajami Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej a Chinami i wskazano na chińskie bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne (BIZ) w poszczególnych krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Jaki rodzaj wzajemnych relacji rozwija się dzięki chińskiej współpracy gospodarczej z państwami członkowskimi inicjatywy 17+1? W jakim stopniu kraje Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej przekształcają swoją gospodarkę w ramach projektu 17+1? Oczywistym jest, że Chiny muszą opracować skuteczniejsze mechanizmy szerszej współpracy w krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, aby osiągnąć cel projektu BRI. Artykuł dostarcza przede wszystkim badań empirycznych dla weryfikacji badawczych celów i hipotez. Do tej pory efekt działań inicjatywy BRI i projektów ramowych w formacie 17+1 wpłynął na ograniczoną transformację gospodarczą w krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Z dociekania wynika, że istnieje potrzeba proporcjonalnego przyspieszenia różnych projektów BRI w krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Przeprowadzone badanie pokazuje również, że istnieje deficyt handlowy między krajami Europy Środkowo- -Wschodniej a Chinami. Ponadto w artykule wskazano rekomendację dla współpracy bilateralnej pomiędzy krajami Europy Środkowo- Wschodniej a Chinami, a mianowicie na istniejącą potrzebę współpracy w dużej skali na poziomie regionalnym.
EN
The aim of this research is to describe China’s Belt & Road Initiative (BRI) in the context of broader economic cooperation among the Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC). This research investigates the infrastructural development in the CEE countries under the 17+1 initiative in the entire region. Further, this study explores different approaches of economic cooperation between CEEC and China and points out the Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) in individual CEE-17 countries. What kind of cooperation and mutual interrelation does China’s economic cooperation develop with the member states of the 17+1 initiative? To what extent do the CEE countries transform their economy in the framework of the 17+1 project? It is very clear that China needs to develop more effective mechanisms for wider cooperation in CEE countries to achieve the goal of the BRI initiative. This research mainly produces empirical studies to investigate the objectives and hypotheses. As of now, the result of the BRI initiative and 17+1 framework projects impacted limited economic transition in the CEE countries. The article concludes that there is a need to accelerate different BRI projects proportionally in the CEE countries. Moreover, this study shows that there is a trade deficit between the CEE countries and China. This article indicates that as a recommendation for bilateral cooperation between CEE countries and China, there is a need for large levels of cooperation at the regional level.
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The European Union and Cultural, Economic and Political Development of Minority in Central and Eastern Europe

100%
Bharti M. S.
Reality of Politics
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2022
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issue 19
25-53
EN
This article aims to present the positions of minorities in Central and Eastern Europe since 1990. The analysis concentrates on relations between the various cultural and minorities group. The main outline is the concepts of minority rights and their multi-dimensional development of linguistic minorities and social development. There is a broad description of the social development of Roma in Central and Eastern Europe. Eastern European democracy promoters have made extensive use of their bilateral diplomatic channels to allow democratization laggards in the post-communist space a glimpse of what democracy looks like close to home and to give them encouragement and know-how to move forward with reforms.
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The Economic Integration of the Central and Eastern European Countries into the European Union: Special Reference to Regional Development

100%
Bharti M. S.
Copernicus Political and Legal Studies
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2022
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issue 2
11-23
EN
The purpose of this paper is to research on the Central and Eastern European countries’ (CEECs) economic development after joining the European Union (EU). Moreover, this study highlights the key policies of economic integration into the EU and integration is a success story for the CEE countries. This paper also describes the key indicators and tools of the development model adopted by the CEE countries as a member of the EU. This study covers the period from 2004 to 2021. The objective of this study is to relate to the EU’s economic and trade policies, and how they brought the development to the region after the successful integration. To what extent, the CEE countries could develop their economic position in comparison to the other EU member countries. The research used empirical and comparative analysis methods to search the economic growth and regional development. Through this method, the research answers the questions and tests the hypothesis. The study concludes that the economic integration of the CEECs into the EU is successful. As a result, the development of this region has been accelerated and the EU’s economic policies have successfully been implemented in many countries. Finally, The EU’s economic policy has changed the dynamics of regions’ development and shaped the stronger trade and common market among the member states. The EU’s integration has impacted the gradual economic growth across the CEE countries.
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Political Institution Building in Post-Communist Romania

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Bharti M. S.
Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne
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2022
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issue 1
73-97
PL
Przemiany polityczne w Rumunii zapoczątkowane w 1989 roku, po śmierci Nicole Ceausescu. Artykuł opisuje i analizuje dynamikę zmian instytucjonalnych i zachowań w procesach politycznych zachodzących w Rumunii po 1989 r. Artykuł koncentruje się na ramach konstytucyjnych najważniejszych instytucji. Autor analizuje rozumienie podejść teoretycznych do zmian politycznych i instytucjonalnych w kraju, a także ewolucję organów ustawodawczych, wykonawczych i sądownictwa – trzech filarów demokracji. Artykuł prezentuje jak partie polityczne uczestniczące w wyborach tworzą rząd i omawia stabilność instytucji. Artykuł analizuje podstawy instytucjonalne koalicji rządowej w latach 1990–2020 w okresie post-komunistycznej demokracji w Rumunii. Artykuł zaczyna się od przedstawienia założenia ram instytucjonalnych, iż systemy wyborcze oraz zapisy konstytucji dotyczące podziału władzy, struktury i relacji pomiędzy parlamentem a prezydentem determinują punkt rozproszenia lub koncentracji władzy w systemie politycznym.
EN
The political development of Romania started after the death of Nicole Ceausescu in 1989. The article describes and analyses institutional and behavioural dynamics of the political processes that have occurred in Romania since 1989. This article focuses on the constitutional framework of governing institutions. This paper tries to explore the understanding of theoretical approaches to political and institutional development in the country. It examines the evolution of legislative, executive, and judiciary bodies. These are the three pillars of democracy. The article discusses how political parties participating in elections, form a government and will look at the stability of the institutions. This article examines institutional foundations of the coalition government in the 1990–2020 post-communist democracy period in Romania. The article starts with the institutional framework premise that electoral systems and constitutional provisions on the division of powers, structure, and the relationship between parliament and the president determines the point at which political power can be dispersed or concentrated in the political system.
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Indo-French Defence Cooperation in the Light of Regional Security Balance in South Asia

100%
Bharti M. S.
Polish Political Science Yearbook
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2022
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issue 2 (51)
7-18
EN
The article aims to describe the regional security challenges to India in South Asia. Since the partition of India in 1947, the country has continuously been under external threat as a form of proxy warfare and terrorism. For this purpose, the article highlighted the core hotspots where India has major border issues with China in the Himalayan terrain. India has been facing a bigger security challenge from China and Pakistan in the South Asia region. This article analyses the defence ties between India and France in the context of security. India's neorealist approaches expand its strategic partnership in global politics. Therefore, India has been getting strategic support from the French side whenever India seeks support in a critical situation. The article uses the methods of case study and discourse analysis to answer the question and find out the study's relevance. As a result of severe security threats, India had to negotiate the purchase of defence equipment from France. India had to buy Rafael fighter jet, submarine and other heavy military weapons. Indo-French relations are stronger than in the past and will develop as friendly relations in the future.
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Ukrainian and Russian Relations: An Analysis of the Post-Donbas Crisis

100%
Bharti M. S.
Copernicus Political and Legal Studies
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2023
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vol. 2
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issue 3
43-57
EN
The article aims to assess the relationship between Ukraine and Russia since the Donbas crisis. The regional rivalry between Ukraine and Russia has largely contributed to the instability of Eastern Europe. The article describes the concerns of the geopolitical game of influence between the West, led by the United States, and Russia. The article explores Ukraine’s eastern border conflict as a live myth-making process. The study used the empirical and theoretical literature to find the objectives of this research. This article outlines the objectives of the Donbas region crisis output, Ukraine and Russia relations, and the EU sanctions against Russia, comparing the expectations of the political, economic and cultural aspects. The new conflict between Ukraine and Russia validates a new kind of geopolitical adventurism and blurs both the territorial and imaginary borders of the Russian state. As a result, the Ukrainian eastern crisis in the Donbas region has highlighted the fragility of the Russian national identity and the incompleteness of the Russian administration.
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The European Union’s Economic Development Strategy and Cooperation with the Countries of Central Asia

100%
Bharti M. S.
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
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2023
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issue 1(36)
220-244
RU
Целью данного исследования является анализ экономического сотрудничества и развития Европейского Союза (ЕС) в Центральной Азии. Экономическая поддержка ЕС странам Центральной Азии укрепляет его позиции в этом регионе. Центральная Азия является ключевой стратегической областью сотрудничества, и ЕС, похоже, более активно участвует в этом процессе. Кроме того, это исследование подчеркивает стратегическое сотрудничество ЕС со странами Центральной Азии с 2007 года по настоящее время. Поскольку в 2007 году ЕС запустил Стратегию по Центральной Азии, целью этой политики является оказание помощи в целях развития и установление дипломатических каналов в регионе. Следующие вопросы исследования основаны на том, почему Центральная Азия важна для ЕС и как она влияет на отношения со странами Центральной Азии? И это исследование основано на качественном анализе, который будет использоваться в этом исследовании, направленном на решение основных проблем исследования. Кроме того, в исследовании используется эмпирический подход для обоснования ответов на вопросы и определения результатов исследования. В результате ЕС имеет значительный объем торговли и инвестиций со странами Центральной Азии и нуждается в дальнейшем ускорении своего партнерства в этом регионе.
EN
The purpose of this study is to analyse the European Union (EU) economic and development cooperation in Central Asia. EU’s economic support to Central Asian countries strengthens its position in this region. Central Asia is a key strategic area for cooperation and the EU seems to have deeper engagement. Moreover, this research highlights the EU’s strategic gear up with Central Asian countries from 2007 to till now. Since the EU launched the Central Asia Strategy in 2007, the objective of this policy is to provide development assistance and establish diplomatic channels in the region. The following research questions rely on, why is Central Asia important to the EU and how does it shape relations with Central Asian countries? And this study relies on qualitative analysis that will be used in this research which addresses the main research problems. Further, the study uses the empirical approach to justify answers to the questions and identify the research outcomes.
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The Dynamics of Party System in India: A Comparative Study of National and Regional Parties

100%
Bharti M. S.
Przegląd Politologiczny
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2022
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issue 2
79-89
PL
Celem opracowania jest struktura partii politycznych oraz analiza porównawcza systemu partyjnego w Republice Indii. Celem pracy jest zbadanie funkcjonowania partii, struktury władzy, dynamiki oraz ich roli w tworzeniu rządu na szczeblu centralnym i stanowym w kraju. Ponadto w opracowaniu przeanalizowano podejście partii jako podmiotu tworzącego rząd koalicyjny w różnych rządach prowincjonalnych. W badaniu zastosowano analizę metodą porównawczą, aby osiągnąć cel niniejszego opracowania, oraz opisano metody źródłowe służące sprawdzeniu celów badawczych. Badanie wykazało wszechstronne znaczenie roli partii w indyjskim systemie politycznym. Wreszcie, w wyniku artykułu stwierdzono, że system wielopartyjny zapewnia ludziom wiele możliwości uczestniczenia w procesie demokratycznym w Indiach.
EN
The purpose of the study is the structure of political parties and comparative analysis of the party system in the Republic of India. The objective of the research is to investigate the functioning of the parties, power structure, dynamics and their role in forming the government at the centre and state levels in the country. In addition, the study analyses the approaches of the parties as an actor to make a coalition government in various provincial governments. The research used comparative method analysis to achieve the purpose of this study and describe the source methods for testing the research objectives. The study finds the comprehensive relevance of parties’ role in the Indian political system. Finally, the result of the article finds as a conclusion that the multi-party system provides multiple opportunities for people to participate in the democratic process in India.
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The European Union Strategy for Partnership in the Indo-Pacific Region

100%
Bharti M. S.
Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne
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2023
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vol. 80
191-210
PL
Celem artykułu jest zbadanie polityki geoekonomicznej Unii Europejskiej (UE) dotyczącej współpracy w regionie Indo-Pacyfiku. W ostatnim czasie Indo-Pacyfik zaczął przyciągać uwagę światowych potęg gospodarczych, w związku z czym UE uruchomiła w tym regionie politykę współpracy. W niniejszym artykule przeanalizowano kompleksową strategię UE dotyczącą rozszerzenia jej obecności na Oceanie Indyjskim i Morzu Południowochińskim. UE dąży do zawarcia partnerstw gospodarczych i w zakresie bezpieczeństwa między krajami Indo-Pacyfiku. Spośród państw członkowskich UE bardzo entuzjastycznie nastawiony do współpracy strategicznej w regionie Indo-Pacyfiku jest rząd francuski. Polityka Unii Europejskiej funkcjonuje w tych obszarach zarówno jako instrument soft power, jak i hard power. W badaniu podkreślono, że działanie UE pociąga za sobą budowę struktury sieci strategicznych w celu zintensyfikowania zdolności w zakresie projekcji siły. Unia wykorzystuje podejścia ugruntowane w soft i hard power, aby osiągnąć cele transatlantyckie. Dla osiągnięcia celów badania i poznania jego wyników korzystne okazuje się zastosowanie w studium przypadku metody porównawczej. Reasumując, UE musi ustanowić znacznie ściślejsze stosunki między krajami Pacyfiku, aby przeciwstawić się chińskiej agresji i ekspansji w dyplomacji morskiej.
EN
The aim of the paper is to study the European Union’s geoeconomics policy for cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region. In recent times, the Indo-Pacific has been gaining attention of the global economic powers. On this issue, the EU has launched a cooperation policy in the IndoPacific. This study examines the EU’s comprehensive strategy for the expansion of its presence in the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. The EU wants economic and security partnerships among the Indo-Pacific countries. Among the EU member states, the French government is much enthusiastic about strategic cooperation in the Indo-Pacific. The European Union’s policy has been operating in the regions as an instrument of soft and hard power. The research highlighted that the EU implies the construction of structural strategic networks to intensify the high capacities in the projection of power. The EU uses the key approaches of hard and soft power to achieve transatlantic goals. The comparative case study method is useful to know the objectives and results of the research. In conclusion, the EU needs to establish a much stronger relationship among the pacific countries to counter the Chinese aggression and expansion in maritime diplomacy.
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A conceptual framework for assessing power and governance in contemporary democracy

100%
Bharti M. S.
Horyzonty Polityki
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2022
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vol. 13
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issue 44
31-46
EN
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The objective of the article is to define the conceptual framework of the contemporary governmental system and its style of functionality to strengthen democratic values, norms, and the rule of law. The purpose of the article is to elaborate governance that shares state power to facilitate the democratic rights of the people in the contemporary world. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: This article aims to analyse the power and governance in the current structure of democracy. The article evaluates the dynamics of contemporary democracy and how the government shapes the power for better governance. Future research highlights the conceptual framework of the qualitative approach and relies on discourse analysis to find out the outcomes of this study. The study uses a theoretical approach to examine contemporary governance, different approaches and how to build socio-political cooperation. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: It discusses various aspects of modern democracy in the context of the governability of those who hold power. Furthermore, the article argues how the states are shaping modern democracy. How a new political order pioneers the norms of the state through its governance. What is the legitimate principle of the work for the new political order? RESEARCH RESULTS: As a result, the article tries to find out that modern democracy is running under a populist government in various countries in the world. The emergence of ultra-right-wing power groups diminished the norms of liberal democracy. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The article highlights the points as a conclusion of democracy facing many challenges in the new populist governance worldwide. The contemporary global communities are trying to make governance for peace, prosperity, and respect for the humanities but and on the other hand, international communities are failed in some places i. e. Afghanistan. This discussion recommends about international communities to create an environment for cooperation among different nationstates to make an international partnership for the establishment of peace, cooperation for the well‑being of the people, and stop conflicts and recurring wars.
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The Development of China’s Economic Cooperation in the Horn of Africa: Special Reference to the Belt and Road Initiative

100%
Bharti M. S.
African Journal of Economics, Politics and Social Studies
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2022
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issue 1
17-30
EN
The study deals with China’s trade and Economic cooperation in the Horn of Africa. This research aims to focus on infrastructural development in the region under China’s Belt and Road Initiative framework. Further, the central purpose of this research is to discuss Chinese investment in Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Kenya and Somalia. The research uses a qualitative analysis approach to discuss the research problems and tries to find out core findings. The following question deals with this study, how does China expand its trade and investment in the Horn of Africa? To what extent has China developed ties with the Horn of African countries in the context of BRI projects? As a result, China has developed a strong stance in the Horn of Africa in the context of trade and investment. This study concludes that China has enormous challenges within these countries to manage interstate issues for security purposes that are necessary for the success of infrastructure development and other BRI-related projects.
13
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The Government and Politics of Poland in the Light of the Constitutional Perspective since 1989

100%
Bharti M. S.
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
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2022
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issue 6(70)
439-452
PL
W artykule dokonano analizy charakterystyki polskiej Konstytucji i rządu od 1989 r. W artykule omówiono empirycznie dynamikę ustroju konstytucyjnego i polskiego systemu politycznego w świetle wyników wyborów parlamentarnych i formowania się rządu w RP. Artykuł opisuje teorię spekulacyjną Samuela P. Huntingtona jako podstawowy poziom rozwoju politycznego w Polsce. Według Samuela P. Huntingtona w latach 1989–1990 kilka państw Europy Środkowej, Wschodniej i Południowej przeszło od rządów totalitarnych do demokratycznych form rządów. Konstytucja została sformułowana zgodnie z rządami prawa i opiera się na normach demokratycznych. Ta demokratyczna rewolucja jest prawdopodobnie najważniejszym nurtem politycznym, a Polska została dotknięta tą falą demokratyzacji w 1989 r. Głównym celem niniejszego opracowania jest opisanie transformacji ustrojowej, której efektem są demokratyczne rządy. W jaki sposób Polska ustanawia rządy prawa i trwały rząd ludowy przestrzegający norm konstytucyjnych? Wynikiem niniejszego artykułu jest to, że partie polityczne, tworząc opozycję w parlamencie, muszą zaproponować nową strategię postępowania, w szczególności poprzez zmierzenie się z kompromisem systemu demokratycznego w oparciu o Konstytucję z 1997 r., m.in. podział władzy, wybory, polityka partyjna, pozycja Trybunału Konstytucyjnego i funkcjonowanie sądownictwa w państwie.
EN
The article analyses the characteristics of the Polish constitution and government since 1989. This study empirically discusses the dynamics of the constitutional framework and Polish political system in the light of the outcomes of the parliamentary elections and the formation of the government in the Republic of Poland. The article describes Samuel P Huntington‘ s theoretical-speculative theory as the primary level of political development in Poland. According to Samuel P Huntington, between 1989 and 1990, several countries from Central, Eastern and Southern Europe moved from totalitarian rule to the democratic forms of government. The constitution was formulated according to the rule of the law and is based on democratic norms. This democratic revolution is probably the most important political trend and Poland was also affected by this wave of democratisation in 1989. The main purpose of this study is to describe the political transformation which is resulted in the democratic government. How does Poland establish the rule of law and a sustainable popular government that follows constitutional norms? The result of this article is that the political parties, creating the opposition in parliament, must propose a new strategy of behaviour in such circumstances, in particular by tackling the compromise of a democratic system on the basis of the Constitution of 1997, e.g. distribution of powers, elections, party politics, the position of the Constitutional Court and functioning of the judiciary in the country.
14
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Indo–French Defence Partnership and Regional Balance in South Asia

100%
Bharti M. S.
The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies
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2022
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issue 1-2
71-89
EN
The article aims to describe the regional security challenges and major threats for India in South Asia. Since 1947, India has been suffering from external security threats such as a form of proxy warfare and terrorism from neighbouring countries. To this purpose, the article also examines recurring issues where India has major border issues with China in the Himalayan terrain to the eastern region. India has been facing bigger security threats from China and Pakistan in the South Asia region. This article looks at defence cooperation between India and France through the prism of India's serious security threats in the South Asian region. India's soft power policy reflected in a neo-realist approach and expanded its long-standing defence cooperation with France. Therefore, India has been receiving support from the French government whenever the country needs defence equipment and other assistance. The article uses case studies and discourse analysis methods to answer the questions and draw the main findings and conclusions of the study. Finally, as a result of the study, India's serious security threats in the South Asian region are pushing the country to purchase defence equipment from France. The relationship between India and France is strengthening bilateral cooperation at a broader level and shaping a strong strategic partnership by uniting in South Asia and the Indo-Pacific as well.
15
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Executive-legislative interface and functioning of political institutions in Romania

100%
Bharti M. S.
Reality of Politics
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2024
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issue 28
32-62
EN
The purpose of this study is to discuss the struggle between the prime minister and the president to exercise legislative and executive power. According to the constitution of Romania, there is a clear division of power between the President and the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is the head of government but the President also plays a key role in the country. There are many examples of interference in legislative work by the President of Romania. The paper discusses power sharing between the legislative and executive power of the Prime minister and the President of Romania. Because of the semi-presidential system in the country, the President of Romania has equal legislative power as the Prime minister. This has in practice led to major contradictions in the functioning of the Romanian political system. The paper analyses the substantial power that the Constitution vests the President with affects the Prime Minister’s role in the country. That is why Romania’s democratic journey has been one of power struggle between the President and the Prime Minister. Apart from the many conflicts between the President and Prime Minister, there is a massive debate on corruption which has also critically affected institution-building in this new democracy. There are discussions about the pillar of democratic bodies which is fragile and lacks trust in political institutions.
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