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EN
The article seeks to present the dynamics of the development of the image of the Gepid tribe in ancient and early medieval sources. For our analysis, we used Roman and Byzantine sources dating from the 3rd to 7th centuries.. The topic was handled in points discussing the three basic aspects of how the Gepids were perceived and presented: their manner of fighting (bravery, cruelty and using a sword as specific combat tactics), the kinship between the Gepids and the Goths, the hardness of their character, their slow movements and the infantry style of fighting (as opposed to horse fighting used by other peoples). The article presents both the above-mentioned basic elements of the tribe’s image, the changes in its perception, and the development of this image, which has gradually gained new elements derived from various traditions.
PL
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja dynamiki rozwoju obrazu plemienia Gepidów w źródłach antycznych i wczesnośredniowiecznych. W analizie zostały wykorzystane źródła rzymskie i bizantyjskie z okresu III-VII w. Temat został zrealizowany w punktach omawiających trzy zasadnicze elementy ich postrzegania i prezentacji: cechy związane z prowadzonymi walkami (waleczność, okrucieństwo oraz posługiwanie się mieczem, jako szczególna taktyka walki); pokrewieństwo Gepidów z Gotami; ociężałość ich charakteru, powolność ruchów i pieszy styl walki (w odróżnieniu od walki konnej innych ludów). Artykuł przedstawia zarówno wymienione zasadnicze elementy obrazu plemienia, jaki i przemiany jego postrzegania oraz rozwój obrazu, który stopniowo wzbogacał się o nowe elementy czerpane z różnych tradycji.
IT
Giovanni Paolo II durante tutto il pontificato, piu di ogni suo Predecessore, ha incontrato il Popolo di Dio. Ogni mercoledi era dedicato alle udienze generali in cui hanno partecipato 17,6 millioni di pellegrini. Generalmente durante le udienze il Papa pronunciava le catechesi, che possiamo dividere in alcuni cieli: Le quattro virtu cardinali; La redenzione del corpo e la sacramentalita del matrimonio; II Credo; La preparazione del Giubleo 2000; L’Anno Giubilare 2000; La Liturgia delle Ore. Questi cieli differenziano, tra l’altro, anche per quanto riguarda l’uso dei testi patristici. I cieli piu fondati sull’eredita patristica sono i seguenti: I commentarii ai testi della Liturgia delle Ore (pronunicate nel periodo: 28 III 2001 - 26 I 2005) e II commento al "Credo” specialmente nella parte che rigurda la fede trinitaria (catechesi pronunicate nel periodo: 3 VII1985 - 3 VII1991). Sul lato opposto si situano le Catechesi sulle virtu cardinali (pronunciate tra il 25 X e il 22 XI 1978), durante le quali i Padri della Chiesa non sono citati neanche una volta e le Catechesi sulla redenzione del corpo e la sacramentalita del matrimonio (pronunicate nel periodo: 5 IX 1979 - 28 XI 1984), in cui richiami agli autori del periodo patristico sono sporadici. Generalmente si puó constatare, che in tutto il corpo delle catechesi i richiami patristici svolgono molo importante, ed in alcuni casi sono fondamentali per la presentazione del discorso. Vengono citati Padri della Chiesa che rappresentano vari ambienti, diversi periodi e differenti scuole teologiche. I Padri preferiti da Giovanni Paolo II sono: Agostino, Ambrogio di Milano, Ireneo di Lione, Giovanni Crisostomo, Basilio di Cesarea, Cipriano, Cirillo di Gerusalemme, Cirillo di Alessandria, Ignazio di Antiochia e Origene. II Papa Wojtyła da una parte riconosce il molo che i Padri hanno svolto nella storia dell’esegesi e nella formazione del dogma, dall’altra - fa vedere la loro attualita anche nel mondo del XX e XXI secolo.
PL
Artykuł omawia zagadnienie relacji rzymsko-barbarzyńskich w świetle zbioru Panegyrici Latini (III-IV w.). Poprzez analizę tych tekstów artykuł ukazuje zróżnicowane aspekty tytułowych relacji. Skrajną postawą Rzymian jest dążenie do wyniszczenia ludów barbarzyńskich lub przynajmniej ich podporządkowania Rzymowi. Liczne teksty ukazują jednak zróżnicowane formy integracji dwóch ludów. Drogą do niej były deportacje barbarzyńców na tereny rzymskie wynikające z potrzeb personalnych Cesarstwa (koloni i rekruci). W artykule jest także omówiona rola limesu, który z granicy staje się stopniowo miejscem spotkania i poszerza pola kontaktu i integracji.
EN
The article discusses the issue of Roman-barbarian relations in the light of the collection Panegyrici Latini (3rd-4th century). Through the analysis of these texts, the article shows various aspects of these relationships. The extreme attitude of the Romans is the pursuit of the destruction of barbarian peoples or at least their subordination to Rome. However, numerous texts show different forms of integration of the two peoples, resulting from the deportations of barbarians to Roman territories for the personnel needs of the Empire (coloni and recruits). The article also discusses the role of the limes, which gradually becomes a meeting place rather than a border and expands the area of contact and integration.
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EN
Biography of Rev. Prof. Marek Starwieyski
PL
Życiorys ks. prof. dr. hab. Marka Starowieyskiego
EN
List of publications of Rev. Prof. Marek Starowieyski
PL
Wykaz publikacji ks. prof. dr. hab. Marka Starowieyskiego
Vox Patrum
|
2008
|
vol. 52
|
issue 2
937-950
IT
L’articolo presenta brevemente alcuni probierni fondamentali legati alle lettere cattoliche nelFantichitó cristiana. In primo luogo da un breve sguardo sulla presenza delle lettere negli antichi elenchi dei libri canonici e nelle opere dei primi autori del periodo patristico. Osserva che prioprio le lettere cattoliche appartengono ai libri piu discussi sotto questo aspetto (cinque libri di questo gruppo appartengono ai libri deuterocanonici del Nuovo Testamento). In seguito si va vedere l’ordine delle lettere nel gruppo e il posto che esse occupano negli antichi elenchi dei libri canonici come anche cerca di spiegare l’origine e il signifiato della denominazione „lettere cattoliche”. La seconda e principale parte del articolo raccoglie principali commenti antichi alle lettere: Hypotyposes di Clemente Alessandrino, Enarratio di Didimo, Catene, In epistulam Iohannis di Agostino, Complexiones di Cassiodoro, anonimo Commentarius in epistolas catholicas, Expositio di Ilario di Arles, frammenti delle opere di Gregorio Magno raccolte da Peterio, Expositio di Beda, e infine Commentario di Isho’dad di Merv. Alla fine vengono offerte alcune conclusioni generali.
EN
The article presents the reign of Amalasuntha – Theodoric the Great’s daugh­ter – from the point of view of her endeavours for the unity and integration of the Goths and Romans in the Ostrogothic Kingdom. Analysis of the most important sources on the subject reveals her efforts in the following areas: concern for social justice and attempts to remedy the difficult situation in the country which had ari­sen in the last years of Theodoric; emphasis on the unity of the Goths and Romans in letters sent to various persons on behalf of Athalaric; concern for the religious unity of Roman Catholics and Arian Goths; attempts to provide the best educa­tion for Athalaric according to the style adopted in Roman society. The premature death of Athalaric, and shortly after, of Amalasuntha, did not allow her to realize her plans. Following her death, the Byzantine army began the reconquest of Italy. This also, meant the fall of her political programme, and the Ostrogoth Kingdom soon disappeared from the map.
EN
One of the characteristic concepts present in the documents of the Gallic sy­nods from the 5th to the 7th centuries is necator pauperum (slayer of the poor), and related to it necator egentium (slayer of the needy). This article aims to analyse the use of these expressions in the synodal legislation. It shows that the notion generally refers to two types of abuse: retention of the offers due to the Church, and various forms of seizure of Church property. The synods also stipulate severe penalties against those judged guilty of being “slayers of the poor”. The study presents the Gallic Church during a very intense political, social and cultural tran­sition. It is a Church looking for its place in the new post-roman world, at a time of new opportunities and new dangers.
EN
Sidonius Apollinaris was a member of the Gallo-Roman aristocracy in the 5th century. His letters are a valuable source of information about many aspects of life in Gaul in the final period of the Roman Empire. The article presents the public service performed by Sidonius for nearly 20 years, which he then abandoned in fa­vour of pastoral and Episcopal service, for a similar period of time. It aims to answer the question: what place did public service occupy in Sidonius’ life as a member of the Gallic aristocracy and what motivated him to take up an Episcopal ministry.
EN
The article presents the image and the place of barbarians in the late-Roman society in the light of  Vita Epifani by Ennodius (Magnus Felix Ennodius). The analysis of the work, and above all the diplomatic missions carried out by Bishop Epiphanius, shows the world of the second half of the 5th century, co-created by Romans and the barbarians, in which the latter have their inalienable place. They are no longer guests and newcomers, but co-hosts and co-creators of the new community of the late antiquity. Ennodius' work appears as a call to the Roman clergy and aristocracy to work together with the new peoples present in the former Roman territories, and with their rulers. The work also presents a new image of the episcopal ministry, focused on building a new community gathering the Romans and the barbarians. Ennodius, a bishop-diplomat, carries out religious activities, while avoiding the controversial issues concerning relations with Arianism. He emphasises social and political activity in the face of a weakening civilian authority.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia obraz i miejsce barbarzyńców w społeczeństwie późnoantycznym, w świetle dzieła Ennodiusza (Magnus Felix Ennodius) Vita Epifani. Analiza dzieła, a przede wszystkim misji dyplomatycznych pełnionych przez biskupa Epifaniusza, ukazuje świat drugiej połowy V w. współtworzony przez Rzymian i barbarzyńców, w którym ci ostatni mają swoje niezbywalne miejsce. Nie są w nim już gośćmi i przybyszami, ale współgospodarzami i współtwórcami nowej społeczności późnego antyku. Dzieło Ennodiusza jawi się jako wezwanie skierowane do kleru i arystokracji rzymskiej do współpracy z nowymi ludami obecnymi na dawnych terenach rzymskich i ich władcami. Dzieło rysuje też nowy obraz posługi biskupiej, skupionej na budowaniu nowej społeczności gromadzącej Rzymian i barbarzyńców. Ennodiusz biskup-dyplomata prowadzi działalność religijną, unikając przy tym kontrowersyjnych kwestii relacji z arianizmem, zwraca uwagę na działalność społeczną i polityczną wobec słabnącej władzy cywilnej.
EN
One of the activities that was undertaken by the Church from its beginning is charity works. This article focuses on answering the question: how and to what extent this problem of charity is present in the Synod’s legislations of the Gaul Church from the 4th to the 7th century. Through the analysis of the Synod’s texts will be shown the Church’s concern in appriopriate stevardship of the ecclesiasti­cal estates, the main groups of persons who need help and the primary rules of doing charity works.
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