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Litwo! Wschodzie mój!

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This article proposes a shift in Polish postcolonial studies from the discourse analysis of external imaginations of Poland as a kind of “Orient” (as exemplified in Larry Wolff’s In-venting Eastern Europe, 1994) to explorations of Polish self-descriptions in the sense of sub-versive “self-Orientalisation”. Drawing on the analogy of Iberian Moors and Lithuanians as presented in Adam Mickiewicz’s Konrad Wallenrod (1828), Lithuania is analysed as Po-land’s “other”, as both close and alien, as “one’s own Orient”. Special attention is paid to the psycho-biography of the colonised personality Konrad Wallenrod, to his betrayal and to his conspiratorial communication with Aldona and Halban, which appears as an aporetic means of subaltern self-assertion.
EN
The Polish version of this article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne vol. 65, issue 1 (2017). This paper proposes a postcolonial reading of antiquity motifs from Zbigniew Herbert’s po-ems from the times of socialism. References to ancient history, mythology, and biblical allusions are interpreted as allegories of the political culture in the Polish People’s Republic. While in his poems written between 1956 and 1990 Herbert depicts communism as an attempt at Russian colonization of Poland, in seminal texts the focus lies mainly on the internal effects for the Polish colonized mind. Linking communist Moscow to ancient Rome, Herbert accomplishes a peculiar anti-imperial translatio imperii. It is this trans-chronic perspective of Herbert’s poems which allows for rounding off the paper with connecting Herbert’s anti-imperial attitude with defensive nationalism and proposing recent right-wing tendencies in the Polish appropriation of post-colonial theory (Ewa Thompson et al.) as a heuristic model for understanding Herbert’s civil position during communism.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia postkolonialną lekturę motywów antycznych zawartych w poezji Zbigniewa Herberta. Interpretuje aluzje do historii i mitologii antycznej, a także do Biblii jako alegorie kultury politycznej, panującej w PRL-u. Herbert opisuje komunizm jako próbę kolonizacji, przy czym w swoich wierszach skupia się głównie na wewnętrznych skutkach dla mentalności skolonizowanych. W konkluzji autor wiąże postawę Herberta z defensywnym nacjonalizmem i proponuje interpretować niedawne próby wykorzystania teorii postkolonialnej w polskim dyskursie prawicowym jako model heurystyczny dla zrozumienia politycznego stanowiska Herberta w PRL-u.
EN
This article proposes a postcolonial reading of antiquity motifs from Zbigniew Herbert’s poems. References to ancient history, mythology, and biblical allusions are interpreted as allegories of the political culture in the Polish People’s Republic. While Herbert depicts communism as an attempt at colonization, in his poems the focus lies mainly on the internal effects for the colonized mind. The article rounds off with connecting Herbert’s attitude with defensive nationalism and proposing recent right-wing tendencies in the Polish appropriation of postcolonial theory as a heuristic model for understanding Herbert’s civil position during communism.
EN
The article explores the productivity of applying notions developed by postcolonial studies to Polish romanticism. It argues that romantic literary strategies of subversion like improvisation, fragmentarisation or apotropaic reception serve as an instrument of protest against foreign domination. Divided Poland may not be adequately described in terms of colonization, nevertheless stateless Polish culture was constrained to “invent” or “re-invent” its nationhood by performative speech acts. This process of cultural nation-building via language and literature shows structural similarities to the Afro-American “signifying identity”. As Anglo-American postcolonial studies are a well established field of academic research it seems fruitful to undertake the effort of a new description of devices of Polish romantic literature (especially Mickiewicz) which is based on the categories of postcolonial studies.
EN
In the wake of Poland’s accession to the European Union, hundreds and thousands of Poles have come to Great Britain in search of employment and better life opportunities.Many of these migrants have settled in London and, consequently, Polish shops,restaurants, and hair salons have become an integral part of the cityscape. At the same time, research reveals that many ‘new’ Polish migrants work in menial and badly-paid jobs which do not correspond to the level of their formal qualifications. Our analysis inquires to what extent the ‘subaltern’ status of these urban migrants is reflected in literary texts, films, and music in which the Polish migrant experience is described. Drawing on postcolonial theory, we focus on issues of agency and articulation within British and Polish representations across various genres.
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