There is a thesis posed in the article which says that new solution in the field of financial auditing included in European Parliament's directive and Council 2014/56/EU and of ordinance European Parliament and Council 537/2014 from 16th of April 2014, are going to have significant impact on change of auditing companies' quality policy. Conducted analysis about new regulations indicates introduction of restriction concerning lengths of period of accomplishing research of financial statements of one client, ability of accomplishing financial review by consortium of auditing companies and also strengthening role of audit committee not only in process of election of auditor but also in process of communicating with auditor during activities of auditing. In article there is a reference to empirical researches realized in Poland, which regarded matters raised in discussed regulations of Union's law.
Accounting of derivative instruments under International Accounting Standard 39 (IAS 39) were criticised due to the complexity and mismatch to business reality. Superseding IAS 39 with International Financial Reporting Standard 9 (IFRS 9) was aimed to simplify hedge accounting principles and contribute to the wider use of this model, and, on the other hand, to eliminate the imperfections of the previous standard and improve the quality of information on derivative instruments disclosed in the financial statements. IFRS 9 introduced a number of changes in the accounting of derivative instruments and therefore it seems reasonable to discuss their consequences and the impact on the reliability and credibility of information disclosed on derivatives. This is extremely important because derivatives are associated with a significant risk and often their improper use led to significant financial problems or even bankruptcy of enterprises and financial institutions. The purpose of this article is to present the most important changes in accounting for derivatives implemented in IFRS 9 and to analyze their impact on financial statements, i.e. true and fair reflection of economic effects of using derivatives.
PL
Zasady rachunkowości instrumentów pochodnych zawarte w Międzynarodowym Standardzie Rachunkowości 39 (MSR 39) były przedmiotem krytyki z uwagi na stopień skomplikowania i niedopasowanie do rzeczywistości biznesowej. Zastąpienie MSR 39 Międzynarodowym Standardem Sprawozdawczości Finansowej 9 (MSSF 9) miało z jednej strony uprościć zasady rachunkowości zabezpieczeń i przyczynić się do jej szerszego stosowania, a z drugiej wyeliminować niedoskonałości poprzedniego standardu i poprawić jakość informacji na temat instrumentów pochodnych, przekazywanej w sprawozdaniu finansowym. MSSF 9 wprowadził wiele zmian w zakresie rachunkowości instrumentów pochodnych i dlatego też zasadna wydaje się dyskusja na temat ich konsekwencji i wpływu na rzetelność i wiarygodność informacji przekazywanej otoczeniu. Jest to niezwykle istotne, gdyż z instrumentami pochodnymi wiąże się znaczne ryzyko – ich nieumiejętne stosowanie niejednokrotnie prowadziło do znacznych problemów finansowych lub upadłości przedsiębiorstw i instytucji finansowych. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie najważniejszych zmian w rachunkowości instrumentów pochodnych zaimplementowanych w MSSF 9 oraz analiza ich wpływu na walory informacyjne sprawozdań finansowych jednostek gospodarczych, tj. wierne i rzetelne odzwierciedlenie ekonomicznych efektów stosowania derywatów.
The article presents different models for cooperation of two municipal companies MPO and KHK. Multicriteria analysis is proposed as a method for selecting the optimal solution. As criteria affecting the implementation and functioning of the analyzed models, formal and legal aspects, tax aspects, financial analysis, waste management, social aspects and the experience of entities were taken into account. The criteria proposed are both quantitative e.g. financial analysis and qualitative e.g. social acceptance. On the basis of the multicriteria analysis, merger of companies by share apport of MPO to KHK and the acquisition has proved to be the optimal solution.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono różne modele działania spółek komunalnych MPO Sp. z o.o. i KHK SA oraz zaproponowano metodę wyboru optymalnego rozwiązania za pomocą analizy wielokryterialnej. Jako kryteria mające wpływ na realizację i funkcjonowanie modelu uwzględniono aspekty formalno-prawne, aspekty podatkowe, analizę finansową, zarządzanie odpadami, aspekt społeczny oraz doświadczenie podmiotów. Zaproponowane kryteria mają charakter zarówno ilościowy (np. analiza finansowa), jak i jakościowy (np. odbiór społeczny). Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy wielokryterialnej warianty polegające na aporcie udziałów MPO Sp. z o.o. do KHK SA oraz połączenie spółek przez przejęcie okazały się optymalnym rozwiązaniem.
The application of computer-based technologies in academic education has at least three decades of history and experience. In some study fields, it has been present since the very beginning, while in others it has become a necessity only in recent years. The ongoing technological revolution is disrupting the traditional professions with fundamental changes and – in some cases – even with the threat of disappearance of jobs. The finance and accounting professions are expected to undergo a technological change in the near future. While the changes are visible at the corporate level, university education seems to lag one step behind. We conducted a study among the students and graduates of the finance and accounting line of studies at the Cracow University of Economics. Using regression analysis, we investigate the perception of the usefulness of courses providing knowledge on new technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI). We use a unique Polish setting, which is a leader in terms of outsourcing services. Our findings show that both students and graduates are aware of the importance of technological change. The courses teaching basic subjects are essential, but the current expectations are much higher in terms of the application of new technology based on AI in finance and accounting.
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