In the paper the author intended to characterize the image of the witch-woman, as it is shown by the Polish historiography of the witch trials during the early modern period, in the light of the current studies, focusing on the female one. In this context, a number of questions present themselves and one of the purposes of this article is to find answers to the following questions, i.e.: on which factors research focus, while characterizing women accused of the witchcraft; was accusing of the doing evil and cooperation with the devil connected with the particular variables (sex, biological feature of a woman), or was it rather an outcome of the belonging to the particular social group, or maybe even a result of the economic situation in those days. In this article there is also raised a question: how much the recent findings overthrow the stereotype of the witch, which is consolidated in the folk memory of the citizens of Poland. The concepts presented in the following paper are intended to be the starting point of the discussion about the said problem. According to that, this article is not the review of the research focused on magic, witchcraft or witch trials, nor the summary of the Catholic Church attitude, which was widely discussed in the past research papers.
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę charakterystyki obrazu kobiety-czarownicy, jaki wyłania się w polskiej historiografii procesów o czary toczących się w dobie wczesnonowożytnej w świetle prowadzonych badań nad niewiastą. W tym kontekście nasuwa się szereg pytań, na które próbowano udzielić odpowiedzi w artykule, m.in.: na jakie czynniki zwracają uwagę badacze charakteryzujący kobiety oskarżone o czary, czy posądzenie o czynienie zła i spółkowanie z diabłem uzależnione było od konkretnych czynników (płci, funkcji biologicznych kobiety), czy raczej wynikało z przynależności do konkretnej grupy społecznej, bądź też warunkowane było sytuacją gospodarczą, w jakiej przyszło żyć oskarżonym. Postawiono również pytanie, na ile dotychczasowe ustalenia obalają stereotyp czarownicy utrwalony w zbiorowej pamięci mieszkańców Rzeczypospolitej. Prezentowane rozważania stanowią punkt wyjścia do dalszej dyskusji w zakresie analizowanego problemu. Nie stanowi on zatem przeglądu czy też rewizji badań nad magią, czarami i procesami, a także stanowiska Kościoła katolickiego, które szeroko zostało omówione w dotychczasowych pracach.
The article aims to characterise the “Vilnius world” of king Zygmunt II August, as presented in a study of history of the Lithuanian capital written Józef Ignacy Kraszewski. The author attempts to show what kind of an image of Vilnius and its inhabitants in the times of the last Jagiellon was conveyed by Kraszewski in his description.
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wstępna charakterystyka zagadnienia przemocy wśród i wobec wileńskich mieszczanek. Na podstawie analizy wybranych przykładów prześladowania kobiet, zawartych na kartach ksiąg sądu burmistrzowskiego i radzieckiego stolicy Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego, podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na następujące pytania: na ile księgi sądu burmistrzowskiego i radzieckiego miasta Wilna dostarczają wiadomości o przemocy stosowanej wobec wilnianek, jakie jej formy zostały na ich kartach odnotowane oraz czy wileńskie mieszczanki występują w nich wyłącznie w roli ofiar? Zastrzec należy, że niniejszy artykuł stanowi jedynie przyczynek do badań nad zagadnieniem przemocy wśród i wobec wileńskich mieszczanek w pierwszej połowie XVIII w.
EN
The purpose of this article is to outline the main characteristics of the issue of violence among and against Vilnian townswomen. Basing on the analysis of the selected examples of the persecution of women contained in the Mayor and City Council Court Books of the capital city of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, I tried to answer the following questions: To what extent these books give us the information about violence against women of Vilnius; which forms of violence were noted in court books, and whether the townswomen were victims only? It is important to add that the article is only a contribution to further research into the subject of the violence among and against Vilnian townswomen in the first half of the 18th century.
In this paper, I analyse the educational and teaching systems developed for boys joining Vilnius craft workshops. The boys worked (participating in production) and prepared themselves for their future profession. In my paper, I present the educational and teaching paths leading to an apprentice assuming the status of a fellow. It is interesting how the students operated in the structures of the guild workshops and what skills they possessed. The research does not encompass the sons of master craftsmen and out-of-guild craftsmen who would come to Vilnius and attempt to join the craft guilds. These issues require a separate analysis. It was not my intention to provide a holistic study of the issue; rather, I revised and supplemented Józef Morzy’s research in which he partly analysed craft guilds in Vilnius with respect to the essential work skills. In my analysis, I made use of the statutes of the craft guilds operating in Vilnius, one of the biggest cities in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the early modern period.
Straipsnyje siekiama pagilinti XVIII a. Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės įtakingiausių didikų šeimų, jų narių tarpusavio santykių tyrimus, mėginant pažvelgti į motinos santykius su vaikais – sūnumis, per egodokumentų prizmę: tiriant laiškus, rašytus sutuoktiniui, anytai ir vaikams. Straipsnio herojė – Pranciška Uršulė iš Višnioveckių Radvilienė (1705–1753) buvo vieno įtakingiausių to meto Lietuvos didikų – Mykolo Kazimiero Radvilos Žuvelės sutuoktinė. Jos literatūrinė kūryba ir kultūrinė veikla yra išsamiai tyrinėta lenkų (mažiau lietuviškoje) istoriografijoje. Šiuose tyrimuose Pranciška Uršulė pristatoma kaip kūrėja, turtinga matrona ir įtakingo didiko žmona. Tačiau vyrui rašytuose laiškuose ji atsiskleidžia kaip itin jautri ir mylinti moteris, kupina nerimo ir rūpesčio dėl savo vyro bei vaikų gerovės. Analizuojant kunigaikštienės korespondenciją, rašytą 1734–1746 m., buvo bandoma atsakyti, be kitų, į šiuos klausimus: kokį šeimyninių santykių vaizdą atskleidžia didikės korespondencija; kaip ji atliko savo, kaip motinos, vaidmenį; kiek buvo įsitraukusi į savo sūnų auklėjimo ir ugdymo procesą.
EN
The aim of the article is to deepen the research on the inter-relations within the most influential families and their members in the eighteenth-century Grand Duchy of Lithuania by attempting to look at the relations between mothers and their children, particularly sons, through the prism of ego-documents: by examining the women’s letters written to the spouse, their mother-in-law, and children. The heroine of this article is Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłłowa z Wiśniowieckich, (1705–1753), the spouse of Michał Kazimierz ‘Rybeńko’ Radziwiłł, one of the most influential Lithuanian noblemen of the time. Her literary works and cultural activities have been extensively studied in Polish (less so in Lithuanian) historiography. These studies introduce Franciszka Urszula as a creator, a wealthy matron, and the wife of an influential nobleman. Yet in her letters to her husband, she reveals herself as a very sensitive and loving woman, full of anxiety and concern for the well-being of her husband and children. The analysis of the duchess’s correspondence of 1734 to 1746 attempted to answer, among others, the following questions: what did the correspondence of the noblewoman reveal about family relations? How did she fulfil her role as a mother? How significantly was she engaged in the upbringing and education of her sons?
This article was created in order to characterize diseases and ailments that the magnates' children were struggling in the XVIII c. From this angle were analyzed the complaints which occurred in children of one of the most important representatives of the Lithuanian magnate – Michał Kazimierz Radzivill „Rybeńka” and his second wife Anna from Mycielski Radzivill. So far, in the Polish and Lithuanian historiography, issues related to the health of the most the richest were analyzed only in the context of adults. The basis of these considerations is the correspondence of the „other Lady of Nieśwież”, kept in the Central Archives of Historical Records. It has a special meaning because the letters of „Rybeńka” to Anna have not been preserved. In addition, was used the diocese of the hetman of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which is in the same archive. On the basis of the collected matter, were analyzed the source mentions informing us about: symptoms of diseases and occurring infections, their course, type and treatment applied.
In the following paper the author attemps to analyse the confirmation of the testament of the Vilnian burger – craftsman, goldsmith and town councillor – Vincenty Slegel, written in the 1519.
In the following paper the authors decided to discuss the „diplomatic” correspondence of the Anna Radziwiłłowa (de domo Mycielska) and the diary of the baron Charles de Saint-Pol, which are nowadays in the repertory of the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw, touching the matter of the action took by the second wife of the Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł „Rybeńko” in the case of his son „Panie Kochanku” (Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł) in the 1764.
The article aims to show the character of Anna Radziwiłł née Mycielska, the second wife of Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł ‘Rybeńko’ in the light of her correspondence. The proposed approach focuses on changes in her personality taking place at key moments in her life. The source basis are letters from the Voivode of Vilnius to her husband kept in the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw. The authors of this paper made an attempt to present Anna Radziwiłł from the perspective of her roles: wife, mother, and woman.
Teofila (1680-1757) belongs to the group of active magnates living in the first half of the 18th century which, however, remains less. The preserved correspondence makes it possible to analyze her activities in the political and family fields. Her letters are therefore a valuable source of knowledge about the everyday life of her relatives and about the backstage of political events in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
PL
Teofila z Leszczyńskich Wiśniowiecka (1680–1757) należy do grupy bardzo aktywnych magnatek żyjących w pierwszej połowie XVIII w., która jednak pozostaje mniej znana. Zachowana korespondencja pozwala przeanalizować jej działalność na polu politycznym i rodzinnym. Jej listy są więc cennym źródłem wiedzy o życiu codziennym jej bliskich oraz o kulisach wydarzeń politycznych rozgrywających się w Rzeczypospolitej.
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