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Ladakh and Zanskar

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The Himalayan mountain chain is orographically fragmented, both in the east-west and in the north-south directions. The latter area is characterised by a greater landscape diversity, owing to its zonality and the vertical zonation of both climate and vegetation. In term s of tectonics and orography, and taking into account the prevalent influence of the monsoon and Continental climates, the Himalayan mountain system can be divided into two parts - the external arc (southern), that is the Higher (or Great) Himalayas and the in ternal arc (northern), that is the so-called Trans-Himalayas. Similarly to the external arc of the Himalayas, the post-glacial relief in the Trans-Himalayas is marginal only. It is an area with a prevalence of denudation (nival, frost, gravitation and eolian) processes. Slopes of tectonic valleys or basins, covered with colourful surface deposits rising as high as even two thirds of their altitude, dominate the landscape. The Zanskar ridges and the Ladakh range represent a transitional zone between the Transhim alayas and Eastern Karakoram.
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The entire geographical literature, starting with school textbooks, presents the Himalayas as a classical model of an impermeable orographic barrier, halting the masses of monsoon air and causing aridity of the Tibetan landscapes. Despite of that, however, the author, during his trips to Western and, particularly, to Central Tibet, organised exactly during the summer monsoon, always found the southern regions of these provinces flooded to a large extent with water. It is also puzzling that catastrophic floods occurring in China (connected with the high water in rivers originating in Tibet) are correlated in time with the period of the summer monsoon in the Himalayas.
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Wall-sided glaciers

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In the literature devoted to geomorphology and glaciology not much has been written about wall-sided glaciers, thanks to which high mountains have their specific landscape character. It is also difficult to find in the literature of the subject a classification of the wallsided glacier forms which would take into account the richness and variety of this phenomenon. After many years of experience in almost all highest mountains of Asia, South America and Europe, the authors decided to fill this gap and therefore to provoke a discussion among the geomorphologists.
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