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Ogólnopolska kariera śląskiego wulgaryzmu

100%
Wyderka B.
Gwary Dziś
|
2019
|
vol. 11
EN
The article discusses the history of the vulgarism ciul transferred from the Silesian dialect to colloquial Polish. It was mentioned for the first time in 1875 in Silesian court documents. The lexeme derives from Czech dialects (compare culík ‘plait, plaited clump of hair’) or Moravian dialects (culík ‘icicle’). The primary meaning has been metaphorised to mean ‘the masculine organ, the penis’. The word ciul as a vulgarism started to be used as an epithet as documented in archival materials. In various types of interactions, this offensive definition of a male easily changed its semantics and expressive tone from ‘trickster, scum’ to ‘blunderer, fool’. The primary vulgar meaning of the lexeme morphed into subsequent variations that would become neutral and lose its sematic relation with its basic vulgar meaning. Intense cultural and linguistic contacts in cross-regional contexts enabled the expression to settle down in Polish colloquial language. The process was quite dynamic with social media playing an important role in spreading the lexeme and its new meanings.
PL
Artykuł omawia dzieje wulgaryzmu ciul, który z dialektu śląskiego przeszedł do odmiany potocznej polszczyzny ogólnej. Po raz pierwszy wulgaryzm zapisano w 1875 r. w śląskich dokumentach sądowych. Leksem pochodzi z gwar czeskich (por. culík ‘warkocz, spleciona kępa włosów’) lub morawskich (culík ‘sopel’). Pierwotne znaczenie uległo metaforyzacji i zaczęło oznaczać ‘narząd męski, penis’. Wyraz ciul jako wulgaryzm zaczął być używany w funkcji wyzwiska, co dokumentują zapisy archiwalne. W różnych typach kontaktów owo obraźliwe określenie mężczyzny łatwo zmieniało semantykę i ekspresyjne zabarwienie, od ‘oszusta, szumowiny’ po ‘niedorajdę, głupka’. Pierwotne wulgarne znaczenie leksemu rozszczepiało się na kolejne warianty, które zaczęły się neutralizować i tracić więź semantyczną z pierwotnym znaczeniem wulgarnym. Z kolei szerokie ramy kontaktów kulturowo-językowych w relacjach ponadregionalnych umożliwiły zadomowienie się ekspresywizmu w polszczyźnie potocznej. Proces dokonywał się w miarę dynamicznie, ponieważ w rozprzestrzenianiu się leksemu i nowych znaczeń dużą rolę odgrywały społecznościowe media cyfrowe.
2
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O rozwoju polskich dialektów

100%
Wyderka B.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
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2014
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vol. 21
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issue 2
103-113
PL
The article deals with a phenomenon of the evolution of dialects. With respect to traditional dialects, the new post-dialectal formations are characterized not so much by the systemic changes but rather by the functional and pragmatic ones; thus, in their defining, those phenomena should be considered. The first change that had occurred in the original phase of the creation of the Polish ethnical language, under the influence of the dominating variation (i.e., culturally supreme), was the change of the hierarchies of inflexion in the diasystem of the national language, from a horizontal organization (equivalent dialects) into hierarchical one (dominating literary language and functionally limited, socially influenced folk dialects). The fundamental alterations occurred as late as the second half of the 20th century. The first communication breakthrough took place after World War II as a result of migrations of people and civilizational transformations. This brought about changes that were called linguistic integration. There formed interdialects – nowadays, the forms dominating in Polish rural areas. The second communication breakthrough began in 1990s and was a result of changes of the systems of government, globalization and rapid civilizational advances. At that time, there occurred the development of dialects which went beyond their defined framework. In Polish linguistic area there form post-dialectal formations of regiolects of Kurpie, Podhale and Silesia, which systemically stem from dialects. Such phenomena can be termed as the emancipation of dialects. They are the expression of a modern regional identity being under construction.
3
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Gwara w twórczości nowej fali prozaików śląskich: Wojciech Kuczok i Szczepan Twardoch

100%
Wyderka B.
Stylistyka
|
2016
|
vol. 25
409-427
EN
Wojciech Kuczok and Szczepan Twardoch are prominent writers of Silesian origins. Their opuses, in particular Kuczok’s Gnój and Twardoch’s Drach occupy prized place in modern Polish literature. Both authors apply native dialect in their literary works. Regarding the subject of their works and the use of linguistic material it is impossible to separate the conclusions from the analysis from the perennial discussions about the culture and Silesian language. The literary output of both authors inscribe in the above mentioned discourse. Thus the linguacultural picture, presented as a part of world depicted in their works, is very important. For many readers from outside Silesia, Kuczok and Twardoch’s works are a source of information about the region: its character and problems. The article discusses how the image of Silesia in the level of narration is depicted, what is the role of the dialect in its creation, or more specifically the application of the methods of linguistic stylization. The analysis of the methods of stylization shows profound dissimilarity between the two authors, however, the created image of Silesia is close. Kuczok’s stylization can be described as selective, while Twardoch’s stylization is holistic. Moreover, it is realistic and contains distinct Silesian orthography. In the linguistic picture of Silesia both authors pay attention to the identity dichotomization of Silesian populace, multilingualism, the presence of mixed forms (wasserpolnisch), variability of nomenclature, linguistic relics and innovations created in the background of the cultural differences of the region. The novelists present the “linguistic Silesia” by the similar content, although their styles and the application of the dialect are different. In the literary works of Kuczok, mainly in Gnój, the iconic quotations suggest images and subtle stylization for Silesian dialect. In Twardoch’s Drach, on the other hand, the “linguistic Silesia” is visible in every level of text organization. Drach is a novel about Silesians and their language, written in their mother tongue. Thereupon a question emerges – whether Silesian language in the novel does not overwhelm the readers. Some of the critics claim that reading Drach is difficult. Another emerging matter is whether in Drach the stylization is still dialectic or whether is already a bilingual material. Omnipresence of the Silesian language, however, indicates the latter interpretation.  
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