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1
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EN
The paper is an attempt at clarifying the object of research into media genology, distancing itself from literary studies genology. In the era of convergence of mass media, we can observe a progress in the blurring of the border between information and journalism, which consequently changes the contemporary communicative convention. As a result, information services are often degraded and the sense of implementing ‘traditional’ indicators of mass media genres is questioned. The change of communicative convention in contemporary mass media requires, above all, the use of cultural context for its analysis, as it determines the methods of creating messages and means of receiving them. It also reveals the mechanism of persuasion, which is used by the broadcaster, as well as the simultaneous strengthening of bottom-up convergence, which is visible in the ways in which recipients broadcast the sense of messages they get.
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę doprecyzowania przedmiotu badań genologii medialnej, dystansując się od genologii literaturoznawczej. W dobie konwergencji mediów obserwujemy postępujące zacieranie się granicy pomiędzy informacjami a publicystyką, co w konsekwencji zmienia współczesną konwencję komunikacyjną. Prowadzi to często do degradacji serwisów informacyjnych, a także podważa zasadność stosowania wyznaczników „tradycyjnych” gatunków medialnych. Zmiana konwencji komunikacyjnej we współczesnych mediach wymaga przede wszystkim wykorzystania do jej analizy kontekstu kulturowego, który decyduje o sposobach tworzenia przekazów i sposobach odbierania treści medialnych, ujawnia mechanizm perswazji stosowany przez nadawcę oraz nasilającą się jednocześnie konwergencję oddolną, przejawiającą się w sposobach nadawania przez odbiorców sensu docierającym do nich treściom.
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PL
Przyjęcie antropologicznej perspektywy analizowania folkloru słownego, rozumianego jako część kultury (każdej kultury), wymaga zredefiniowania pojęcia oralności w kulturze współczesnej. Oralność nie oznacza tylko ustnego, bezpośredniego przekazywania tekstu, ale ujawnia również sposób funkcjonowania człowieka w świecie oraz sposób jego poznawania ukształtowany przez myślenie typu ludowego. Przekaz może być realizowany również w formie komunikacji wizualnej lub elektronicznej. Analizowanie współczesne przekazów folklorystycznych z perspektywy antropologicznej wymaga zmiany metody pozyskiwania materiału badawczego, uwzględniającego przede wszystkim sytuację w jakiej realizowany jest dany przekaz. Kulturowy kontekst szczególnie ważny jest przy analizowaniu internetowej formy komunikacji folklorystycznej, w której konieczne jest uwzględnienie roli wspólnoty wirtualnej. Treści funkcjonujące dotąd poza siecią przenikając do internetu, poddawane są zmianom wynikającym z internetowej inspiracji i współtworzą e-folklor, którego analiza wymaga uwzględnienia wyjątkowej aktywności użytkowników sieci. Proces współczesnej socjalizacji kulturowej niemal w naturalny sposób został wzbogacony folklorystyczną oralnością.
EN
Accepting the anthropological perspective of analysing oral folklore, understood as a part of culture – any culture – requires a redefinition of the notion of orality in contemporary culture. Orality does not mean solely oral direct transmission of texts; it also reveals a way in which human beings operate in their world, as well as the manner of its cognition formed by folk-type thinking. A message may also be transmitted in the form of visual or electronic communication. Analysing contemporary folkloric texts from the anthropological perspective requires changing the existing method of acquiring research material. This includes primarily the situation in which the given text is realized. The cultural context is especially significant in analysing Internet-based form of folkloric communication, where it is necessary to take the role of virtual community into account. By penetrating the Internet, the content which until then functioned outside it is subjected to changes resulting from the Internet-related inspiration. It therefore co-creates e-folklore, the analysis of which must take the exceptional activity of Internet users into consideration. The process of contemporary cultural socialisation has been in a nearly natural way enriched by folkloric orality.
EN
After the flood of the century that came through Opole in 1997, its inhabitants had to familiarize themselves with the devastated space. For the majority of them, the house was an individual “space of memory” and did their best to feel safe again. The closest space was to “speak” and connect people with one another. Today, the places touched by cataclysm are unrecognizable: restored, renovated and at the same time strongly connected with memory. Different signs proving the existence of cataclysm, the so called “reminding determinants” have become an integral element of the space returning to life. Such important places, “the spacious accents”, are in Opole in Zaodrze district and Pasieka island which changed their character. The subsequent flood anniversaries have become the chance for the inhabitants to celebrate the memory which started to undergo ritualization. Apart from occasional meetings, mass and festivals, the urban space involves commemoration tables and monuments. All inhabitants of flooded districts ten years ago also have their own private important places. The flood victims who were taken their homes and farms were in the most difficult situation. The districts built specially for them (in the outskirts of Opole) were becoming a spacious expression of the community marked by similar experiences. It was difficult for its saved community to domesticate the nameless space. The category of the “withdrawal” ritual, the adaptive (protective) mechanism making it possible to connect the new space to the “sphere of order” helps to analyse the situation. Although the new buildings developing around this district eliminated its isolation after 10 years, it is still an important architecture and psychological place reminding the inhabitants of the tragedy years ago. The flood in July 1997 forced the inhabitants to revalue their own space and return in the river direction and compose it into the city, which created the new landscape of Opole (new bridges, gates at the canals, boulevars at the banks of the Odra, illuminated houses at the canal, the flourish of the space in front of the floodbanks).
PL
Wspomnienia i tzw. świadectwa mówione są ważnym źródłem poznania mikrohistorii, doświadczeń jednostkowych związanych z tragedią żydowską w czasie II wojny światowej. Udowodnili to badacze z Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów PAN, publikując w 2018 roku obszerną pracę pt. Dalej jest noc, Losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski. Zdaniem autorki, gromadzone przez folklorystę Dionizjusza Czubalę w trakcie wieloletnich badań terenowych opowieści wspomnieniowe powiązane z tą tematyką, mogłyby wzbogacić analizę funkcjonującej w obiegu pamięci o tamtych tragicznych wydarzeniach. Niestety, sposób ich zredagowania przez Piotra Grochowskiego w tomie pt. O tym nie wolno mówić…Zagłada Żydów w opowieściach wspomnieniowych ze zbiorów Dionizjusza Czubali (2019) nie daje takiej możliwości. Autorka zdecydowanie podważa nie tylko zastosowaną przezGrochowskiego metodę redagowania tekstów zapisanych przez Czubalę, ale także ich uporządkowania w antologii, które ujawnia tradycyjne (ilustracyjne) podejście do zgromadzonych w terenie materiałów. Uniemożliwia to czytelnikowi śledzenie procesu zmiany postaw narratorów wobec tematu żydowskiego. W artykule zanegowano też zasadność umieszczania przez Grochowskiego opowieści wspomnieniowych gdzieś „pomiędzy” praktykami badawczymi z zakresu folklorystyki i oral history, podkreślającnatomiast wartość materiałów pozyskanych metodą oral history do ich analizy i interpretacji przez różne dyscypliny badawcze.
EN
Memoirs and the so-called oral testimonies provide a valuable source for learning about the microhistory of individual people’s experience connected with the tragedy of the Jews duringthe Second World War. This has been proved by researchers from the Polish Centre for Holocaust Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences and their extensive work publishedin 2018 under the title Dalej jest noc, Losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski [„Night without End: The Fate of Jews in Selected Counties of Occupied Poland”]. As I argue, the memoir-based stories collected by folklore researcher Dionizjusz Czubala in the many years of his field studies connected with this subject matter can substantiallyenrich the analysis of the current memory of those tragic events. Unfortunately, the way these stories were edited by Piotr Grochowski in the volume entitled O tym nie wolnomówić… Zagłada Żydów w opowieściach wspomnieniowych ze zbiorów Dionizjusza Czubali ["We are not allowed to speak about it. The extermination of the Jews in memoirs from the collection of Dionizjusz Czubala"] (2019) does not offer such a possibility. I would like to question not only the very method in which these texts were edited but also their order in the anthology, which reveals the traditional (illustrative) approach to the materials collected in field studies. As a result, the reader cannot follow the process of changes occurring in the narrators’ attitudes to the Jewish themes and problems. Moreover, I also argue against Grochowski’s positioning the memoirs somewhere “between” research practices from the sphere of folklore studies and oral history. Finally, I propose that the value of materials obtained with the use of the oral history method resides in analyses and interpretations coming from different scientific domains.
5
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Folklorystyczne zrodla mitu wybawcy w kulturze

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EN
The author describes a phenomenon present in contemporary culture, namely stories of heroes who survived their death and live somewhere awaiting “the right time to come back” to fight for freedom, faith and justice. The article has been inspired by the words of historian Manuel Rosa that Columbus’ father was Vladislav III, who was not killed in 1444 as thought. Instead, he went into exile to Madeira, married a Portuguese noblewoman, and fathered Columbus. The belief that one can survive one’s death has for centuries been connected with the cult of heroes and continues to be popular today. They often use the old motif of the sleeping knights and are connected with different historical or fictitious figures. Such beliefs have been common because of people’s similar experiences and expectations. The article discusses the presence of King Vladislav III in the Slavic folklore and the process of his mythisation, and describes similar stories existing in the modern history of Morocco (Sultan Mohammed V), Chechnya (Shamil Basayev) and Poland (Lech Kaczyński). The archetype of a mythical hero, who watches over the orphaned nation and, should such need arise, will return, has also been revealed in the mythisation and sacralisation of John Paul II. It appears that the power of mythologisation of heroes has no borders. The belief that a divinised idol lives is shared by the fans of the heroes of popular culture (Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson). Modern myths use well known motifs and stereotypes, which function in other combinations but which, however, are reminiscent of ancient times.
EN
The process of the carnivalization of urban space is aided by contemporary media, which, in popularizing myriad events, amplifies community activities ranging from festivals to mass public shows connected with historical events. Contemporary fascination with such phenomena finds its sources in ritualized models of paratheatrical activity rooted in the traditions of peasant culture, as well as in forms of mass folk protest. As a result, we can observe the rapidly-developing ability of citydwellers to occupy public space while creating emotional communities that extend into virtual, and other, realms, with the aim of realizing political goals.
EN
In the author’s opinion, tabloidization is not an invention of mass culture. Fascination with bloody and sensational stories is a rudimentary need of excitement, which was fulfilled by the available means existing in a given culture. Such stories have always been around in folklore and they were frequently used by medieval chroniclers. Apocrypha were also an answer to the need of curiosity. Incredible and tragic stories dominated social conversation, old-Polish short-story writing and predicatory exempla. An inn was the place where for centuries the “need of sensational” was fulfilled by travelling beggars’ doggerel full of exciting news. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, travelling beggars used leaflets with printed texts, which became the origins of the press. Those irregular prints related important and sensational events: those from the royal court and the neighbourhood, crimes, rapes or strange phenomena in the sky. The stories migrated from oral to printed form and the other way round. Folklore research explains this mechanism and reasons for the popularity of sensational stories, which became the source of tabloidization of contemporary media. The phenomenon objectively exists in contemporary culture an requires an objective description and not a deprecatory assessment. The need for tabloidization — understood as the phenomenon of equalization or the principle of common denominator — is currently evoked by both economic conditions and expectations of the receivers.
EN
The author precedes the presentation of connections between folklore and contemporary events of political character with a precise definition of the term “folklore”. Accepting the conception of Ludwik Stomma, she takes folklore to be a culture of isolation of consciousness that is a part of socially and historically varied cultures. The folkloric message as a traditional form of creation is, on the other hand, an effect of the creative activity of the participants and audience of the given event, making use of both direct and electronic means of transferring messages. As the first example, the author presents the ways of folkloric activity serving to tame the trauma resulting from a catastrophe (flooding) or a terrorist attack. Then, she draws attention to the folkloric context of contemporary demonstrations and strike actions conducted in the public space, which – due to their varied performance – take on the character of a “carnival of resistance” or showcase a bottom-up protest against decisions taken by the government and Parliament. This leads to the formation of not only a commonwealth of emotions, but also a community of information which can exert a significant influence on shaping society’s opinions.
PL
Prezentację powiązań folkloru ze współczesnymi wydarzeniami o charakterze politycznym autorka poprzedza doprecyzowaniem pojęcia folkloru. Akceptując koncepcję Ludwika Stommy, uznaje folklor za kulturę izolacji świadomościowej, która jest częścią kultur społecznie i historycznie zróżnicowanych. Przekaz folklorystyczny, jako tradycyjna forma tworzenia, jest natomiast efektem twórczej aktywności uczestników oraz odbiorców danego wydarzenia, korzystających zarówno z bezpośrednich, jak i elektronicznych środków przekazu, przede wszystkim z mediów społecznościowych. Jako pierwszy przykład autorka prezentuje sposoby folklorystycznej aktywności służącej oswajaniu traumy wywołanej przez kataklizm (powódź) i atak terrorystyczny. Następnie zwraca uwagę na folklorystyczny kontekst współczesnych demonstracji i strajków przeprowadzanych w przestrzeni publicznej, które dzięki zróżnicowanemu performansowi nabierają charakteru „karnawału oporu” lub eksponują oddolny protest wobec decyzji podejmowanych przez rząd i parlament. Prowadzi to nie tylko do powstania wspólnoty emocji, ale również wspólnoty informacyjnej, która może mieć istotny wpływ na kształtowanie opinii społecznej.
EN
Folkloristic studies of oral histories in colloquial circulation emphasize the value of narrative oral sources (direct transmission), as they enable qualitative analysis of narrative interviews, subsequently used by various scholarly disciplines. The experiences of folklorists significantl facilitate and enrich the interpretation of the processes of formation and functioning of cultural communities and, above all, allow one to discern reasons for the qualitative differences in such interpretations, the differences ascribable to the contemporary context of reporting knowledge about past events.
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