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EN
The article describes how social disorganization is conditioned by such phenomena as social cohesion, informal social control and the ability of the community to control criminal behaviour. The article reviews the research indicating the harmful practice of creating social housing zones in large cities, in which young people with low cultural and economic capital are concentrated. This tendency is not matched by the regularity of high cohesion and high informal social control in ethnically distinct neighbourhoods, but uniform in this respect, which has been revealed in the research. The response of educators, social workers, and youth activists to disadvantage areas is the organization of street work centers and group work centers in these places.
EN
This study presents the theory of intergenerational transmission of criminal behaviour. The conviction of fathers is related to the convictions of their male offspring and to the psychosocial risk factors. In the second part of the article SAT (Situational Action Theory) is described. SAT explains how person-setting interactions influence people to follow or breach rules of conduct (stated in law).
PL
Przedmiotem analizy jest teoria międzypokoleniowej transmisji zachowań przestępczych. Karalność ojców odniesiona została do karalności ich synów oraz do psychospołecznych czynników ryzyka. W drugiej części artykułu omówiono teorię SAT (sytuacyjna teoria działania), która wyjaśnia, w jaki sposób interakcje pomiędzy jednostką i jej środowiskiem wpływają na przestrzeganie bądź łamanie norm odnoszących się zachowania (zwłaszcza norm prawnych).
EN
The interactionist approach to deviance is summarized drawing heavily on Blumer’s conception of continual self-indication and Becker’s examination of the socialization of deviants. The concepts of the self, the definition of the situation, significance, reciprocity and interaction constitute an idea of a human being who is best defined by such terms as homo reciprocus (man in interaction), homo symbolicus (symbolic man), homo faber (man the maker) and homo aestimans (man who evaluates). Symbolic interactionism is used to guide professional assessment and intervention by human services professionals. Correction officers, social workers, counselors, street workers, therapists are positions that would apply the ideas presented in the article.
EN
This paper indicates how practice (treatment, social work) may benefit from the application of notions deriving from symbolic interactionism and Situational Action Theory. I conducted interviews with therapists from a day care treatment centre. The centre offers educational assistance and counselling to children and youth aged from three to eighteen. In the article I present four methods of treatment of children and youth at risk (including juvenile offenders), which I draw from the analysis of in-depth interviews. The professionals who would benefit from applying the ideas presented in the article are probation offi cers, social workers, counsellors, street workers, and therapists.
EN
The article describes the family environment of twenty outstanding Polish women and men. The overview of biographical monographs made it possible to identify two groups of parents who provided optimal upbringing conditions for future geniuses in terms of promoting books and reading. The first contact with a book took place in early childhood and was a result of either the daily use of books by parents as a tool for their work or the parents’ respect for knowledge and education.
PL
W artykule opisano środowisko rodzinne dwudziestu wybitnych Polek i Polaków. Przeprowadzona kwerenda monografii biograficznych pozwoliła wyłonić dwie grupy rodziców, którzy zorganizowali optymalne warunki wychowania dla przyszłych geniuszy pod względem promowania książek i czytelnictwa. Pierwszy kontakt z książką następował we wczesnym dzieciństwie i był pochodną albo codziennego użytkowania książek przez rodziców jako narzędzia ich pracy, albo przejawianego przez rodziców szacunku do wiedzy i wykształcenia.
EN
The article consists of two parts. The first one describes types of rehabilitation programmes implemented in juvenile detention centres and juvenile shelters throughout the country. The richness of ideas, great diversity, and extensive cooperation with the open environment are not accompanied by an equally high level of programme evaluation. When writing about the rehabilitation effectiveness of their programmes (we deal with this in the second part of the text), the authors of the presented programmes refer to the following effectiveness indicators: acquisition of specific knowledge, new and useful skills, and specific social competences, by juveniles. For the authors, observation of these indicators in the programmes equates to obtaining a satisfactory result in the rehabilitation process. In most cases, indicators are registered using uncontrolled (unstructured) observation. Only 9 out of 59 programmes involved a form of evaluation based on tools that are not burdened with methodological deficiencies as opposed to uncontrolled observation; those tools included a questionnaire, a test and a case study. 9 programmes did not have any form of evaluation, while in 20 others, naturalistic observation was used.
PL
Artykuł składa się z dwóch części. W pierwszej scharakteryzowano rodzaje programów resocjalizacyjnych realizowanych w zakładach poprawczych i schroniskach dla nieletnich na terenie całego kraju. Bogactwu pomysłów, wielkiej różnorodności, szeroko realizowanej współpracy ze środowiskiem otwartym nie towarzyszy równie wysoki poziom ewaluacji programów. Autorzy prezentowanych programów, pisząc o efektywności resocjalizacyjnej swoich programów (jej analizie poświęcona jest część druga tekstu), powołują się na następujące jej wskaźniki: nabycie przez wychowanków określonej wiedzy, nowych i przydatnych umiejętności oraz określonych kompetencji społecznych. Odnotowanie tych wskaźników jest dla autorów programów jednoznaczne z uzyskaniem satysfakcjonującego rezultatu w procesie resocjalizacji. Formą rejestracji wskaźników jest w większości przypadków zastosowanie obserwacji niekontrolowanej (niestandaryzowanej). Tylko 9 programów na 59 posiadało formę ewaluacji opartą o narzędzia, które nie są obarczone takimi niedostatkami metodologicznymi, jak obserwacja niekontrolowana i były to: ankieta, test oraz studium indywidualnych przypadków. 9 programów nie posiadało żadnej formy ewaluacji, zaś w 20 zastosowano obserwację żywiołową (potoczną).
PL
Many types of research appear to show that communication barriers and a bad relationship between teachers and parents can hinder the development of behavioral skills and cognitive capacities that enable some individuals to put their moral habits into their life. Teachers’ and parents’ common aim is to create in young people attitudes consistent with the given system of values. This article is a theoretical overview of the issues related to the family-school partnership about Virtue Development, on the basis of which the authors proposed a conceptual model of an interdependent and interrelated relationship between teachers and parents and demonstrated how the inclusion of parents, students and teachers in broadly understood activities for the benefit of others (people, animals, nature, etc.) is particularly valuable from the point of view of moral development in Polish schools.
EN
The studies presented in the article show the presence and quality of the male model of the guardian in the life of juvenile delinquents. The biographies of 26 boys and 34 girls (juvenile delinquents) were studied. The text attempts to prove the thesis that the absence of the father in the upbringing of the child (his physical as well as emotional absence) has serious consequences in the children’s moral development. On the other hand, a presence of a criminal father constitutes an equally strong predictor of juvenile delinquency.
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