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EN
The article discusses the issue of cultural understanding of the law. Generally in this study we describe the condition of society of the period of late modernity. First of all, we assume that, on the one hand, law is a certain system of norms founded (traditionally) according to the principle of non-contradiction, whereas on the other hand, the constituted law cannot be isolated from other regulators of social life. The law is a complex phenomenon and can be analyzed at many levels. However, using the social and cultural argument, the principle of non-contradiction refers to the whole axiological and normative system of a given culture. The cultural approach applied here points to both the diversity as well as the unity of cultural patterns and rules in social life.
EN
The article presents a complex model of formal and informal sources of academic ethics in Poland. The author analyzes three models: 1) the model of integrity and credibility, 2) the model of ethical infrastructure and 3) the model of social responsibility. However, we are assuming that this model is a complex system, because it consists of various kinds of sources of academic ethics standards, both legal and moral sources. These three models, however, do not appear in Poland in pure form. Rather, it was a case of evolution in which the next model contained elements of the earlier model. The process of gradual erosion of the classical model (integrity and credibility of science) is the result of a strong influence of external conditions, mainly postulates of social responsibility of science and increase of effectiveness of scientific research.
PL
Artykuł stanowi prezentację kompleksowego modelu formalnych i nieformalnych źródeł etyki akademickiej w Polsce. W tej kwestii autor analizuje trzy modele: 1) model integralności i wiarygodności; 2) model infrastruktury etycznej oraz 3) model społecznej odpowiedzialności nauki. Przy czym zawsze zakładamy, iż dany model stanowi system złożony, tj. składa się z rodzajowo różnych standardów etyki akademickiej, zarówno norm prawnych, jak i norm moralnych. Wskazane trzy modele nie ujawniają się jednak w Polsce w swojej czystej postaci. Raczej w procesie rozwoju stanowią one efekt pewnej ewolucji, ponieważ każdy kolejny model zawiera elementy modelu wcześniejszego. Proces stopniowej erozji modelu klasycznego (integralności i wiarygodności nauki) stanowi rezultat silnych obecnie ocen zewnętrznych, jak np. postulatu społecznej odpowiedzialności nauki oraz postulatu wzrostu efektywności prowadzenia badań naukowych.
EN
The paper is an attempt to argue for the methodological distinctiveness of legal sciences. The methodological distinctiveness (specificity) of legal sciences has been presented in three dimensions: 1) the subject; 2) methods and 3) purpose of scientific research. The analysis can be used both for the argument against the lack of a methodological identity of the legal sciences and positively for the comprehensive research and the integrative model of the legal sciences. In view of the complexity of the subject and the aims of legal science should be used various research methods. In further research, it would be advisable to establish their possible systems in a specific research problem.
PL
Artykuł stanowi argumentację na rzecz metodologicznej odrębności nauk prawnych. Metodologiczna odrębność (swoistość) nauk prawnych została przedstawiona w trzech wymiarach: 1) przedmiotu; 2) metody i 3) celu badań naukowych. Analiza może być wykorzystana zarówno jako argument przeciwko braku tożsamości metodologicznej nauk prawnych, jak i pozytywnie dla całościowego i integracyjnego modelu nauk prawnych. Ze względu na złożoność przedmiotu i celów nauk prawnych należy stosować różne metody badawcze. W dalszych badaniach wskazane byłoby ustalenie ich możliwych systemów w określonym problemie badawczym.
EN
The subject of this study is the ethos of the civil service in Poland. The authors analyze the issue at two levels of: historical and systematic. The main motive for the considerations is the 100th anniversary of the Polish civil service. We ask about the achievements, changes, and direction of further development of the civil service ethos. We propose to look at the development of the ethos starting from the model of a “professional role performer” to the model of the “communication ethos”. Further development of public administration will not change its fundamental direction, however, it should be noted that the importance of the state is emphasized as a guarantor of the stability of social processes, including the role and importance of the civil service.
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