The core of the article analyzes the historical development of Chinese anthropology from 1949 until today. First, it maps the parallel development of the anthropological terminology, thinking and practices, which together provided a scientific-theoretical basis for the subsequent political-ideological formation of the structure of the Chinese nation. Its conception is a bricolage of ethnopolitical categories, which came into being through a synergy of gradually indigenized theories of Soviet, European and American humanities and social sciences. The text further demonstrates that the historical experience of Chinese anthropology is being projected beyond the China’s borders, where it theoretically underpins the global political-economic strategy, the „Belt and Road Initiative“.
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