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Świecka kultura muzyczna w średniowiecznej Polsce

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Jabłońska A.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica
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2000
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issue 67
107-128
EN
Music has accompanied every-day life of Polish society for many centuries. Before Christianity came to Poland, music had often appeared on the occasion of some pagan rites, holidays connected with the cycle of nature or family celebrations. From 966 monody was announced as official ones and in the next centuries the count lyrical music is considered to be professional one. The previous musical habits and tradition change into informal current, creating folk music and then townish music. Since the 13-th and 14-th centuries there has been noticed the process of intermingling of the church aesthetics with native creation, pagan rites and customs with Christian tradition and holy festivals. Apart from these we can observe the presence of Czech, Hungarian, Russian, Scandinavian, French and Italian influence throughout the Middle Ages. In such a way, on the ground of various elements, Polish national music has been created. And the development of medieval music has given rise to the Renaissance polyphony. It is necessary to base on written sources, archeological, ethnographical, ethnological and iconographical ones to research on the state of the musical culture of the Middle Ages in Poland. They allow us to distinguish such forms of music as singing - both solo and choral or with accompaniment, dance music, instrumental music which is played with all four groups of instruments. Music accompanied many different moments of peoples life - at court, at churches, in inns or dining rooms, in baths, squares, graveyards and roads, during tournaments, hunting and war. There were kings and princes, trobadours and knights, priest, hunters, rangers, shepherds, scholars and vagrants; there were singers musicians and composers - both amatours and professionals - among those ones who either played or listened to music. And they came from all classes of medieval society.
2
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Pogardzany i niezbędny – paradoks staropolskiego żebraka

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Jabłońska A.
Biografistyka Pedagogiczna
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2016
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vol. 1
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issue 1
133-150
EN
The aim of this article is to show the position of beggars in the Old Polish period. They had one of the lowest positions in the hierarchical and class society in the Republic of Poland. As they did not belong to any recognized social group (e.g. family or guild), had no assets and were often homeless, they were despised and people suspected the worst of them. They often belonged to the margins of society, or the so-called people of the road. They were therefore excluded from the basic social structures. Residents of recognized institutions, such as hospitals, were also engaged in begging. At the same time, beggars were paupers and as poor men they had the face of Christ. The so-called poverty was a necessary goal of charity resulting from the basic principle of Christianity, i.e. love. Alms – different forms of donation – were a prerequisite for salvation. In return, donors expected that the donated would pray for them. Thus, on the one hand, beggars were humiliated and despised; on the other hand, they were a necessary condition for the proper functioning of Christian charity.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu ukazanie sytuacji żebraka w okresie staropolskim. W hierarchicznym i stanowym społeczeństwie Rzeczypospolitej zajmował on jedną z najniższych pozycji. Bez przynależności do uznanej grupy społecznej, np. rodziny, cechu, nie posiadając majątku, często bezdomny, był pogardzany i podejrzewany o najgorsze cechy. Często należał przy tym do marginesu społecznego, do tzw. ludzi luźnych, ludzi gościńca, a więc wykluczonych z podstawowych struktur. Żebraniem trudnili się również pensjonariusze uznanych placówek, czyli szpitali. Z drugiej strony żebrak był biedakiem, a biedak miał przecież twarz Chrystusa. Tak zwane ubóstwo było niezbędne jako cel charytatywności. Ta z kolei stanowiła wyraz miłosierdzia wynikający z podstawowej zasady chrześcijaństwa, czyli miłości. Jałmużna – datek pod różną postacią był konieczny w dziele zbawienia. W zamian oczekiwano od obdarowanego modlitwy na rzecz darczyńcy. Tak więc żebrak – z jednej strony poniżany, pogardzany, wyrzucany poza obręb społeczeństwa, z drugiej strony stanowił warunek konieczny dla właściwego funkcjonowania chrześcijańskiej charytatywności.
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The Image of Parish Clergy Based on Wincenty de Seve’s Inspection (1608–1609)—Selected Aspects

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Jabłońska A.
Roczniki Humanistyczne
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2018
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vol. 66
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issue 2: Historia - Selected Papers in English
179-198
EN
The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne vol. 65, issue 2 (2017). The article discusses an important period in Church history, namely the so-called Church reform. It occurred after King Zygmunt August (1564) and the Polish clergy (1577) had adopted the resolutions of the Council of Trent. The implementation of those resolutions started at the turn of the 17th century. One of the proposals was to renew the life of clergy—their attitude to obligations and improvement of morals, customs and even appearance. Wincenty de Seve’s inspection in the years 1608–1609 concerned the area of the archdeaconry of Gniezno. For the purposes of this article, its four deaneries were analysed, i.e. Holy Trinity, Saints Peter and Paul, Łekno and Sompolno. The main purpose of the visitation was to inspect the parish, which played an extremely important role in society. The article discusses the image of the parish clergy emerging from the findings of the inspection, which took into account guidelines for the reform. This image shows that both those who were role models and those who drastically violated various norms were exceptions. The most numerous group were priests, who mostly met the requirements, but various irregularities were noticeable. The biggest problems of the next, slightly smaller group were women and alcohol. The offences also included ignorance, sloppiness and inappropriate clothing. The inspection shows that at the beginning of the 17th century, attempts were made to implement the reform of parish clergy, but traces of old habits and new requirements were still to go hand in hand.
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Obraz duchowieństwa parafialnego w świetle wizytacji Wincentego de Seve (1608-1609) – wybrane aspekty

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Jabłońska A.
Roczniki Humanistyczne
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2017
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vol. 65
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issue 2: Historia
5-22
PL
Artykuł omawia ważny okres, należący do tzw. reformy Kościoła. Nastąpił on po przyjęciu przez króla Zygmunta Augusta (1564) i kler polski (1577) uchwał Soboru Trydenckiego. Na przełomie XVI i XVII wieku rozpoczęto pracę nad wdrożeniem ich w życie. Jednym z postulatów było odnowienie życia duchowieństwa – stosunku do obowiązków, poprawa moralności, obyczajów, nawet wyglądu zewnętrznego. Wizytacja Wincentego de Seve z lat 1608-1609 dotyczyła terenu archidiakonatu gnieźnieńskiego. Na potrzeby artykułu zostały przeanalizowane cztery należące do niego dekanaty: Świętej Trójcy, św. Piotra i Pawła, Łekno i Sompolno. Głównym celem wizytacji była parafia – odgrywająca niezwykle ważną rolę w społeczeństwie. Artykuł omawia obraz duchowieństwa parafialnego wynikający z punktów przeprowadzonej kontroli, przy czym wizytacja uwzględniała odgórne zalecenia dotyczące reformy. Z obrazu tego wynika, iż zarówno osoby stanowiące wzór, jak i te, które drastycznie przekraczały rozmaite normy, należały do wyjątków. Najliczniejszą grupę stanowili duchowni, którzy w większości odpowiadali wymaganiom, ale pojawiały się przy tym rozmaite nieprawidłowości. Największymi problemami kolejnej, nieco mniejszej grupy były kobiety i alkohol. Do przewinień należały też między innymi brak wiedzy, niechlujstwo, niewłaściwy ubiór. Wizytacja pokazuje, że na początku XVII wieku starano się wprowadzać w życie reformę duchowieństwa parafialnego i że wciąż funkcjonowały jednocześnie elementy starych przyzwyczajeń i nowych wymogów.
EN
The article discusses an important period in the Church history – the so-called Church reform. It occurred after King Zygmunt August (1564) and the Polish clergy (1577) had adopted the resolutions of the Council of Trent. The implementation of those resolutions commenced at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries. One of the postulates was the renewal of the life of the clergy – attitude to obligations and improvement of morals, customs and even external appearance. Wincenty de Seve’s inspection in the years 1608-1609 concerned the area of the archdeaconry of Gniezno. For the purposes of this article, its four deaneries were analysed: Holy Trinity, Saints Peter and Paul, Łekno and Sompolno. The main purpose of the inspection was the parish, which played an extremely important role in the society. The article discusses the image of the parish clergy resulting from the conducted inspection, whereby the inspection took into account the reform guidelines. From this image it follows that both people who were models and those who drastically violated different norms were rather exceptions. The most numerous group formed clergymen who mostly met the requirements, however, still various irregularities could be noticed. The biggest problems of the next, slightly smaller group were women and alcohol. The offenses also included lack of knowledge, sloppiness and inappropriate attire. The inspection shows that at the beginning of the 17th century, attempts were made to implement the reform of the parish clergy, but the elements of old habits and new norms could be found concurrently.
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„Expositus periculo…” Klęski duże i małe wschodniej Wielkopolski w świetle siedemnastowiecznych źródeł z archidiakonatu gnieźnieńskiego

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Jabłońska A.
Roczniki Humanistyczne
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2015
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vol. 63
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issue 2: Historia
99-117
PL
Artykuł ma na celu ukazanie klęsk, jakich w świetle źródeł z archidiakonatu gnieźnieńskiego doświadczali mieszkańcy wschodniej Wielkopolski w XVII wieku. Były to między innymi: zarazy, pożary, anomalie pogodowe, wojna ze Szwedami z lat 1655-1660, obecność różnych wojsk, co oznaczało cały zestaw nieszczęść, takich jak śmierć, rabunek, zniszczenie, zaraza. Nieszczęściem mogły być także złe gospodarowanie oraz nadmierne obciążenia ludności. Klęski te powodowały określone skutki demograficzne, społeczne i gospodarcze. Nieszczęścia mogły mieć różny zasięg, czas trwania i skalę. „Potop” stanowi dla omawianego terenu cezurę dzielącą XVII wiek na pierwszą, lepszą połowę, oraz drugą, kiedy działo się źle. Składało się na to wiele czynników, a klęski elementarne miały w tym swój spory udział. Ich obecność można dostrzec w treści i formie wybranych dla potrzeb artykułu typów źródeł przede wszystkim proweniencji kościelnej, ale też i świeckiej.
XX
The article is aimed at portraying defeats in the light of sources from the Gniezno Archdeaconry residents of eastern Greater Poland experienced which in the 17th century. They were it among others: epidemics, fires, abnormal weather conditions, war with Swedes from 1655-1660 years - presence of all sorts armies what meant the entire set of such disasters as death, robbery, damage, epidemic. Also a bad management and overloads of the population could be a misfortune. These defeats caused determined demographic, social and economic effects. Disasters could have a different reach, a duration and a scale. The "Swedish invasion of Poland in 1655-1660" constitutes the dividing line dividing the 17th century into the just any half and second for the discussed area, when happened badly. Many factors made it up, and basic defeats had including their considerable participation. It is possible to notice their presence in contents and the form of types chosen for the purposes of the article of sources above all of church provenance, but also and secular.
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Archidiakonat uniejowski w okresie staropolskim

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Jabłońska A.
Biuletyn Uniejowski
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2012
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vol. 1
141-156
EN
This paper addresses selected issues relating to Uniejów archdeaconry in the Old Polish period. The town of Uniejów was the central place – a seat of the archdeaconry, decanate and, most importantly, the collegiate chapter comprising 4 prelacies and 6 canonries, and the requisite number of curacies. The vice-provost was also the village vicar, and the vice- archdeacon was the town vicar. The collegiate church ran a school and fraternities. In the town there also were: church and hospital of Holy Spirit, Oratories of St. Nicolaus, Corpus Christi, St. Adalbert, and St. Anthony the Abbot. The nearby town of Sieradz with its chapter also was one of the main archdeaconry centers. The Uniejów archdeaconry77 was a part of Gniezno archdiocese, and most probably was formed as a result of administrative reforms carried out by archbishop Jakub Świnka. In our times it was devided into four, next five and finally into six decanates comprising between 86 and 106 parishes. The Uniejów chapter was reactivated in 1990.
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Struktura kapituły uniejowskiej w świetle Liber beneficiorum Jana Łaskiego

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Jabłońska A.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica
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2001
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issue 72
95-106
EN
Each chapter consisted of the following elements: place, system of dignilies-offices, allotted real properly and people. In the case of the Chapter of Uniejów, a fairly complete description of the above-mentioned elements was described as late as the beginning of the XVIth century. The source of this description is the Liber beneßeiorum by Jan Łaski. It is well attested that there was Virgin Mary and St. Florian chapter, which was established most probably in the year 1170 and later re-founded in the year 1365. It consisted of two prelate’s dignities; praeposite (the first dignity) and archdeacon, 5 canonries, 7 vicariates and a, created in the year 1365, praepositure „a capellis s. Nicolai” and its vicarage; all of the dignities used to be taken by the Benedictines from Tyniec, and also by a simple benefice, which was constituted by the altaria „Adae”. It was as late as the year 1529, when Jan Łaski established a custodia. Finally, a deacon’s dignity was created by Mikołaj Lubieński in the year 1648. The Chapter played also the role of a local, both urban and rural, parish. The vice-praeposite was in charge of „cura animarum" of the rural part, while the urban section was seen to by those who were nominated to the archdeacon’s vicarage. There had also been 7 presbyters who constituted a „universitas mansionariorum” and manned the parish in Spicimierz since the year 1491. The vicars constituted a „universitas” of their own. The value of the common property and each prebend was a function of the following elements: permanent and temporary income (both urban and rural), produced merchandise, money, services, estates, tithes, rent and colenda. It should be also concluded that the Chapter of Uniejów belonged to neither the most renowned nor wealthiest in the metropolitan Church district of Gniezno.
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Rola Kościoła w społeczeństwie staropolskim na przykładzie XVII-wiecznego archidiakonatu gnieźnieńskiego (wybrane aspekty)

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Jabłońska A.
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne
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2019
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vol. 112
199-218
EN
The aim of the article is to show the role of the Church in Old Polish society illustrated with the example of a specific area (the archdeaconry of Gniezno) at a specific time (the seventeenth century). It presents selected aspects of this subject: secular clergy and the function of the parish. The article discusses not only the social functions of the Church and their institutionalized effects, such as hospitals, schools and brotherhoods; it analyses the role of the Christian religion in developing culture as well. To perform those functions, the Church became involved in two formidable tasks associated with the age of reforms, initiated by the Council of Trent: the education of the whole society, and charity as a practical effect of mercy. The purpose of both those tasks was to educate society.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu ukazanie roli Kościoła w społeczeństwie staropolskim na przykładzie określonego obszaru (archidiakonatu gnieźnieńskiego) w określonym czasie (XVII wieku). Przestawia wybrane aspekty zagadnienia. Omawia duchowieństwo świeckie oraz funkcjonowanie parafii. Podstawowym wyznacznikiem stały się funkcje społeczne i ich zinstytucjonalizowany efekt – szpitale, szkoły i bractwa oraz rola kulturotwórcza. Były one wyrazem dwóch wielkich zadań Kościoła w epoce reformy, zapoczątkowanej uchwałami soboru trydenckiego: szeroko pojętej edukacji dotyczącej całego społeczeństwa oraz charytatywności będącej praktycznym skutkiem miłosierdzia. Oba miały na celu wychowanie społeczeństwa.
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Stan parafii archidiakonatu gnieźnieńskiego w epoce potrydenckiej w świetle siedemnastowiecznych wizytacji (wybrane przykłady)

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Jabłońska A.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio F – Historia
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2023
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vol. 78
33-51
EN
This article aims to show the relation between the premise of the great reform of the Catholic Church from the 16th century and the state of the individual, diversified parishes of the archdeaconry of Gniezno after the Council of Trent. The events of the 17th century are discussed when the process of restoration of the status of the Catholic Church occurred. Two out of four canonical visitations that remained from this archdeaconry were used in the article. They come from the beginning and the end of the 17th century and are the most comprehensive. They allow for an insight into the state of the parish then operating in the ever-changing social, economic, and political conditions. To an extent, they allow to find an answer to the question if and how the reform introduced by the Council of Trent reflects in the functioning and certain elements an essential and important link in the Church structure.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu ukazanie związku pomiędzy założeniami wielkiej reformy Kościoła katolickiego z XVI wieku a stanem poszczególnych, zróżnicowanych parafii archidiakonatu gnieźnieńskiego po soborze trydenckim. Omówiono wydarzenia XVII wieku, kiedy nastąpił proces przywracania statusu Kościoła katolickiego. W artykule wykorzystano dwie z czterech wizytacji kanonicznych, które pozostały po tym archidiakonacie. Pochodzą one z początku i końca XVII wieku i są najbardziej wszechstronne. Pozwalają one na wgląd w stan ówczesnej parafii, funkcjonującej w zmieniających się warunkach społecznych, gospodarczych i politycznych. W pewnym stopniu pozwalają też znaleźć odpowiedź na pytanie, czy i w jaki sposób reforma wprowadzona przez sobór trydencki odzwierciedla w funkcjonowaniu i niektórych elementach istotne i ważne ogniwo w strukturze Kościoła.
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Zasoby Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie w pracy naukowej historyka okresu staropolskiego

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Jabłońska A.
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne
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2023
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vol. 121
135-154
EN
The article aims to show the importance of the Gniezno Archdiocesan Archive in the academic work and professional life of a historian dealing with the Old Polish period (medieval and modern periods). Over the course of more than 20 years, the Archdiocesan Archive’s resources have formed the basis of a doctoral dissertation and the resulting publication, a habilitation book, and have been used in more than 20 scientific articles and numerous conference papers, seminars, scientific and popular science lectures.This work addresses issues concerning church history, social history, cultural history, economic history, and pedagogical biography. Attention was paid to institutions, but also to people. Among the issues addressed were the secular clergy, the chapter, parishes, hospitality, education and confraternities. These included the local and regional history of Gniezno and its environs defined by the boundaries of the Old Polish Gniezno Archdeaconry/Eastern Greater Poland Region, as well as Uniejów (Uniejów Archdeaconry).The search focused on various archival units: the remains of the consistory, metropolitan chapter, archbishops, parish records, letters and diplomas. Working with them required knowledge of various auxiliary sciences of history as well as much time and patience.Many years of research at the Gniezno Archdiocesan Archive have ultimately provided a better understanding of Old Polish society, the mechanisms of its functioning, its formal and informal structures, the mentality and horizons of the post-Tridentine era, and changes over time.Work at the Archdiocesan Archives has also contributed to interdisciplinary cooperation with specialists in various fields, and especially with the Museum of the Origins of the Polish State in Gniezno. Over twenty years of contact with the Archive also involved meetings with the people who created and are creating them, as well as a unique adventure with Gniezno and Greater Poland.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu ukazanie znaczenia Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie w pracy naukowej i życiu zawodowym historyka zajmującego się okresem staropolskim (średniowieczem i okresem nowożytnym). Na przestrzeni ponad 20 lat zasoby Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego stały się podstawą pracy doktorskiej i publikacji powstałej na jej kanwie, książki habilitacyjnej, a także zostały wykorzystane w ponad 20 artykułach naukowych oraz licznych referatach konferencyjnych, seminaryjnych, wykładach naukowych i popularnonaukowych.W niniejszej pracy podjęto zagadnienia należące do dziejów Kościoła, historii społecznej, historii kultury, historii gospodarki i ekonomii, biografistyki pedagogicznej. Zwrócono uwagę na instytucje, ale również na ludzi. Poruszono m.in. problematykę duchowieństwa świeckiego, kapituły, parafii, szpitalnictwa, szkolnictwa i bractw. Obejmowały one historię lokalną i regionalną Gniezna oraz jego okolic określonych granicami staropolskiego archidiakonatu gnieźnieńskiego / wschodniej Wielkopolski, a także Uniejowa (archidiakonat uniejowski).Kwerenda dotyczyła różnych zespołów archiwalnych: pozostałości po działalności konsystorza, kapituły metropolitalnej, arcybiskupów, akt parafialnych, listów i dyplomów. Praca z nimi wymagała znajomości różnych nauk pomocniczych historii oraz wiele czasu i cierpliwości.Wieloletnie badania naukowe w Archiwum Archidiecezjalnym w Gnieźnie w ostatecznym rozrachunku pozwoliły lepiej poznać staropolskie społeczeństwo, mechanizmy jego funkcjonowania, struktury formalne i nieformalne, mentalność i horyzonty epoki potrydenckiej oraz zmiany zachodzące w czasie.Praca w Archiwum Archidiecezjalnym przyczyniła się również do interdyscyplinarnej współpracy ze specjalistami różnych dziedzin, a przede wszystkim z Muzeum Początków Państwa Polskiego w Gnieźnie. Dwudziestokilkuletni kontakt z Archiwum to także spotkania z ludźmi, którzy je tworzyli i tworzą oraz przygoda z Gnieznem i Wielkopolską.
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TRADYCYJNE I ALTERNATYWNE MOŻLIWOŚCI FINANSOWANIA MAŁYCH I ŚREDNICH PRZEDSIĘBIORSTW

63%
Grzywacz J., Jabłońska A.
Zeszyty Naukowe PWSZ w Płocku. Nauki Ekonomiczne
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2013
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vol. 17
PL
Key words: alternative financing options, sector SMESummarySmall and medium-sized enterprises in the Polish economy playa significant role both in terms of the number of active entities, theshare in GDP, number of employees and participation in the creationof economic growth. However, the results of study in this sector indicate the number of barriers to their development, in particularin the problem of payment gridlock, existing for many years.All companies need funding, regardless of their size, location orscope of activities. Funding comes in many shapes and sizes, dependingon the needs and capabilities of the funded company andthe approved funding strategy.Committed capital is a necessary mechanism for the operation ofany enterprise, because without it its development is not possible.In the subject literature there are many divisions of potential sourcesof companies financing, based on various criteria, amongwhich the following are worth mentioning: the ownership ofcapital, the source of capital, time of having certain capital atone’s disposal, and funding target. The criterion source of capitaldistinguishes the equity capital and third party capital. Everycompany has assets (current assets and fixed assets) necessary toconduct operations. To finance the necessary assets, the companymust obtain adequate capital. By capital we mean funds (financialresources) assigned to the company by its owners21. In most companiesequity is the main source of funding. Third party capital,however, is made available to the company for a specified period,after which it should be returned.In the current era the enterprises have at their disposal a number ofpossibilities for financing their business. Traditionally, the forms offinancing include: issue of shares, bonds or commercial papers, leasing,factoring, franchising, trade credit (merchant’s) bank loans and cash loans,as well as forms such as private equity or venture capital. Thechoice the enterprise has is very wide. Of course, not all forms offunding are appropriate for each company. The selection of sourcesof funding should take into account a number of factors thatdefine which methods of raising capital are at the moment mostappropriate for the company and blend together so as to form themost favorable capital structure. The use of appropriate tools andsolutions allows operators to reduce the risk, thus affecting theachievement of its goals of maximizing the value and growth ofthe enterprise.21
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