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1
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A New Paradigm: “The Middle Ages without Catharism” and the Testimony of the Inquisitional Sources

100%
Czarnecki P.
Perspektywy Kultury
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2020
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vol. 31
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issue 4
89-108
PL
Artykuł podejmuje dyskusję z coraz popularniejszą w ostatnich czasach rady­kalną opcją interpretacyjną kataryzmu, której zwolennicy zakładają, że here­zja ta nie istniała nigdy realnie na południu dzisiejszej Francji, będąc jedynie konstruktem katolickich duchownych. Obraz dobrze zorganizowanej i spój­nej doktrynalnie herezji dualistycznej miał zostać stworzony przez polemi­stów katolickich na podstawie starożytnych pism antyheretyckich (głównie antymanichejskich św. Augustyna), a następnie wmówiony niewinnym prze­słuchiwanym podczas procedury inkwizycyjnej. Zwolennicy tej interpretacji (opartej na rozumieniu źródeł inkwizycyjnych) proponują całkowitą zmianę spojrzenia na kataryzm, napisanie jego historii od nowa i zastąpienie dotych­czasowych ustaleń nowym paradygmatem – „średniowiecze bez katary­zmu”. Głównym celem artykułu jest weryfikacja tych śmiałych twierdzeń na podstawie analizy źródeł inkwizycyjnych i udzielenie odpowiedzi na pyta­nia: Czy faktycznie obraz kataryzmu w nich zawarty pokrywa się z obrazem znanym z katolickich polemik? Czy można odnieść wrażenie, że został on narzucony przesłuchiwanym przez inkwizytorów? Czy jest to obraz dobrze zorganizowanego kontr-Kościoła, jak utrzymują zwolennicy wyżej opisanej interpretacji.
EN
The article discusses the radical interpretation of Catharism which is getting more and more popular in the recent years. It’s adherents assume, that this heresy never existed for real in the regions of contemporary southern France, but was only a construct of the Catholic clergymen. In their opinion the image of well-organized and doctrinally consistent heresy was created by the Catho­lic polemists, basing on the ancient anti-heretical writings (mainly anti-man­ichaean scriptures of St. Augustine) and than it was imposed on the innocent people questioned during an inquisitorial procedure. The adherents of this interpretation (based on the interpretation of inquisitorial sources) propose a total change in the perception of Catharism, and writing it’s history anew, to fit a new paradigm-“Middle-Ages without Catharism.” The main aim of this article is to verify these revolutionary claims, basing on the analysis of the inquisitorial sources and to answer the following questions: Can we really say, that the image of Catharism in the inquisitorial sources is identical as in the Catholic polemics? Can we assume, that it was imposed on the interro­gated people by the inquisitors? And finally-is it really an image of the well‑organized counter-church?
2
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Doktryna katarska – ewangeliczne chrześcijaństwo czy import ze Wschodu?

100%
Czarnecki P.
Orientalia Christiana Cracoviensia
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2017
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vol. 9
EN
The main aim of this article is to verify the tenets of the interpretation of Catharism which is getting more and more popular in the recent historiography, assuming that Cathar doctrine appeared independently from the Bogomil influence, as a result of different exegesis of the Holy Scripture. According to this interpretation that emerged in 1950s, the Cathars were evangelic reformers trying to restore the Church basing on the patterns taken from the New Testament. Their contacts with the Bogomils appeared in the 13th cen­tury when their doctrine was completely formed. Precise analysis of the sources shows, however, that such an interpretation is difficult to sustain not only because of the sources confirming the existence of Cathar-Bogomil contacts dating back to the 60’s of the 12th century. Also precise analysis of the foundations of the Cathar doctrine, defining their heresy on the level of heology, cosmology, anthropology, Christology or sacramentology shows clearly that they could not have been created without a Bogomil influence but only as the effect of the scriptural exegesis. Stunning similarities of the crucial themes in Cathar mythology to their Bogomil equivalents, as well as analogies in the biblical exegesis show unambiguously that Cathar doctrine could not have appeared independently in the West, and in consequence, that it was imported from the East.
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest weryfikacja coraz popularniejszej w obecnych czasach interpretacji genezy katarskiej doktryny, zakładającej, że powstała ona w oderwaniu od wpływów bogomilskich, jedynie w opar­ciu o odmienną interpretację Pisma Świętego. Według tej koncepcji interpretacyjnej istniejącej już od lat 50. XX wieku katarzy byli ewangelicznymi reformatorami, dążącymi do odnowy Kościoła w oparciu o Pismo Święte Nowego Testamentu. Kontakty z bogomiłami mieli nawiązać dopiero w XIII wieku, kiedy ich doktryna była całkowicie ukształtowana. Dokładna analiza źródeł wskazuje jednak, że taka interpretacja jest trudna do utrzymania i to nie tylko ze względu na jednoznaczne wzmianki świadczące o kontaktach katarsko-bogomilskich począwszy od lat 60. XII wieku Również szczegółowa analiza fundamentów doktryn katarskich, będących wyznaczni­kiem tej herezji na poziomie teologii, kosmologii, antropologii, chrysto­logii i sakramentologii wskazuje jednoznacznie, że nie mogły się one rozwinąć bez wpływów bogomilskich, jedynie na podstawie analizy Pisma Świętego. Uderzające podobieństwa kluczowych wątków mitologii katarskiej do ich bogomilskich odpowiedników, jak również analogie na poziomie egzegezy biblijnej wskazują jednoznacznie, że doktryna kataryzmu nie mogła powstać niezależnie na Zachodzie, lecz była importem ze Wschodu.
3
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Geneza i doktryna dualizmu słowiańskiego w średniowieczu

100%
Czarnecki P.
Studia Religiologica
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2008
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vol. 41
PL
THE ORIGIN AND DOCTRINE OF SLAVIC DUALISM IN THE MIDDLE AGESThe article touches upon the poorly source-documented issue of Slavic dualism, a heresy which existed in the 12th-to-15th centuries in Dalmatia and Bosnia. The dearth of vernacular sources makes it difficult to trace either the history or the doctrine of Slavic dualists. On the other hand, Inquisition sources concerning Italian Cathari mention an „ordo Sclavoniae,” next to „ordo Bulgarie” and „ordo Drugonthiae,” as one of three main dualist currents to inspire Western heretics. The article tries to determine the identity of the Slavic version of the dualist heresy by inquiring into its origin and doctrinal peculiarities which distinguished it from its contemporary variants of dualism. In order to cast a fuller light on the subject, it is worth bringing together what laconic Slavic or Byzantine sources are available and the Inquisition’s comprehensive documentation covering especially Italy, including its Cathari, who were described as Slavs.
4
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H.-P. Hasenfratz, Religie świata starożytnego a chrześcijaństwo

100%
Czarnecki P.
Studia Religiologica
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2007
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vol. 40
PL
RecenzjaHANS-PETER HASENFRATZ, RELIGIE ŚWIATA STAROŻYTNEGO A CHRZEŚCIJAŃSTWO, TŁUM. URSZULA POPRAWSKA, KRAKÓW 2006, WAM, SS. 174
5
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Geneza i ewolucja dogmatu teologicznego sekty bogomiłów (X–XII wiek)

100%
Czarnecki P.
Prace Historyczne
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2007
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vol. 134
PL
THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE THEOLOGICAL DOGMA OF THE BOGOMIL SECT (10–12 C.)The problem of the Bogomil sect which was founded in the 10th century is not important exclusively from the point of view of the history of Bulgaria, or else generally of the Byzantine Orient. The fact that the Bogomils contributed in a significant way to the creation of the Cathar heresy which constituted a serious threat to the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages, is the reason why this problem is important also from the point of view of the history of Western Europe.Both Bogomils and Cathars have been frequently referred to in the sources as adherents of Manichaeism. Therefore, the main goal of the present article is to verify the legitimacy of this type of assertions, by analyzing the origin of the most characteristic and at the same time, the most “Manichaean” element of the Bogumil doctrine, namely its theology. In the article, the author confronts the existing theories in this respect with the testimony of the sources, whereas a comparative analysis of the theological doctrines of the three fundamental varieties of Bogomilism with the teachings of their potential initiators is legitimized by historical testimonies, that point out to the possibility of actual contacts between them.
6
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Wpływ doktryny na interpretację dualistycznego rytuału chrztu Duchem Świętym w średniowieczu

100%
Czarnecki P.
Studia Religiologica
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2009
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vol. 42
PL
THE IMPACT OF DOCTRINE ON INTERPRETATION OF THE DUALIST RITUAL OF BAPTISM OF THE HOLY SPIRIT IN THE MIDDLE AGES The article addresses the controversial problem of the meaning of doctrine in interpreting the dualist sacrament of baptism of the Holy Spirit. Some researchers into Catharism downgrade the role of doctrinal differences in medieval dualism, believing that they were of secondary importance while all dualists agreed about a single, salvation-giving sacrament of baptism of the Holy Spirit by the laying on of hands. In analyzing the doctrines of various schools of medieval dualism, the article demonstrates that the sacrament of baptism of the Holy Spirit, while identical in form, meant widely different things to radical dualists and for moderates, what with their profound differences in soteriology, Trinitarian theology, and eschatology. Such distinctions in meaning between radical and moderate dualism may supply a significant argument for the doctrinal change made by the Saint-Felix-De-Caraman Synod.
7
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Authenticity of the “Interrogatio” Iohannis in the Light of Contemporary Deconstructionist Source Criticism

100%
Czarnecki P.
Studia Ceranea
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2023
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vol. 13
99-123
EN
Scholars of Catharism representing the deconstructionist current in the recent years continue their struggle with the traditional interpretation of this heresy which underlines its dualistic character and strong connections with Eastern dualisms – especially with Bogomilism. Their tactics is focused primarily on questioning the authenticity of the sources confirming Cathar dualism and its Eastern roots. Such sources are presented as forgeries invented by the Catholics trying to discredit the “dissidents”. This tactic is directed primarily against the sources of heretical provenience, which are the strongest arguments against the deconstructionist interpretation. Previously, the deconstructionist scholars questioned the acts of the Cathar council in Saint-Felix-De-Caraman, and the so-called “Manichaean treatise” – a Cathar theological work aimed at proving ontological dualism based on the specific interpretation of numerous biblical passages. Currently the deconstructionists speak about the need for verification of another Cathar dualistic treatise – Liber De Duobus pricipiis. Considering this we may expect that soon also the Interrogatio Iohannis will be questioned, as it is a crucial source confirming both the dualism of the Cathars and their dependence on the Bogomils. Before it happens I decided to take a closer look at this apocryphal text. Through the analysis of its doctrine in the light of the Eastern sources concerning the Bogomils I am going to answer the question of whether this work, known only from the Latin manuscripts, indeed could have been created by the Bogomils and if it is possible to question its authenticity using the patterns used by the deconstructionist scholars.
8
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The Doctrine of the Ordo Sclavoniae in Light of Western Sources and the Issue of the Origins of the Dualist Heresy in Bosnia

100%
Czarnecki P.
Studia Ceranea
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2022
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vol. 12
11-28
EN
The issue of the Bosnian church – or more precisely the dualist heresy in Bosnia – has caused serious controversies among scholars since the 19th century. The main aim of this paper is to shed new light on this controversial issue, through the analysis of the doctrine of Slavonic dualism (ordo Sclavoniae) based on Western sources. The subject of the analysis will be the sources concerning the contacts of the Cathars from France and Italy with the heretics from Sclavonia and especially the sources containing information on the doctrine, such as the 13th-century Italian sources presenting the doctrines of the Cathars belonging to ordo Sclavoniae (Cathar churches of Bagnolo and March de Treviso) and later, 14th and 15th-century sources presenting the teachings of the heretics from Bosnia. The aim of the analysis will be to reconstruct the doctrines of Slavonic dualism (ordo Sclavoniae) in order to find its distinctive features (especially comparing with two main forms of Bogomil-Cathar dualism – Bulgarian and Drugunthian) and to answer the following question: which doctrinal conceptions had the most significant influence on its formation? Knowledge concerning the sources of inspiration for the dualist doctrine of the ordo Sclavoniae will enable us to draw conclusions concerning the origins of Slavonic dualism, its evolution and to assume an attitude towards scholars’ conceptions concerning the character of the Bosnian heresy.
9
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Zarządzanie Permanentną Zmianą Jako Metoda Doskonalenia Organizacji W Warunkach Wyzwań Rynkowych

100%
Czarnecki P.
Organization and Management
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2011
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issue 147
10
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Mariusz Dobkowski, Kataryzm. Historia i system religijny

88%
Czarnecki P.
Studia Religiologica
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2008
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vol. 41
PL
RecenzjaMARIUSZ DOBKOWSKI, KATARYZM. HISTORIA I SYSTEM RELIGIJNY, WAM, KRAKÓW 2007, SS. 269
11
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Measuring the Relative Efficiency of Economic Sectors. Advices for Policy Makers in Poland

51%
Czarnecki P., Szarota R., Woźniak D.
Management Business Innovation
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2010
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vol. 6
4-15
EN
The main goal of the paper is to present an idea of the Data Envelopment Analysis model and its potential as a method of evaluation of economic sectors efficiency. An empirical part is concentrated on the use of the DEA model to assess efficiency of the construction industry in Poland from 1999 to 2007. The first part of the article addresses the concept of DEA (CCR model) and the next section presents data and results of the analysis. To obtain the outcomes DEA solver software was applied.
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