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Zasługi Karola Linneusza dla postępu nauk farmaceutycznych w XVIII w.

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Drobnik J.
Medycyna Nowożytna
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2023
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vol. 29
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issue 1
105-133
EN
Fundamentals of Linnaean taxonomy were established from the late 1730s and had a gradual ordering impact on all plant knowledge of the time. Pharmaceutical botany was enlivened by the following assertions, ideas or publications issued by Linnaeus: 1) the sexual system as a tool for practical identifi cation of genera; 2) the genera were newly defi ned or corrected to build a clear system; 3) botanists were encouraged to construct and study a natural system of genera which was expected to reveal similarities in pharmacological actions (as analogous to morphological similarities of allied species); 4) a critical and minimalist review of medicinal species and their therapeutical uses was published; 5) the synonymy of species was rectifi ed by selecting only good and sufficiently descriptive polynomials; and fi nally 6) it became the new scientifi c standard to typify the name and description of a species on a proof sample, the role of which began to be played by a herbarium specimen of a plant, called a type. The practice of assigning binominal names to known or newly described species enabled botanists to place them immediately in the sexual system (by assigning a generic name, the genus was ranked in terms of flower structure). The increase in the number of medicinal plant species at the end of the 18th century was the result of a desire to make the knowledge complete and modern, and to add new facts about related species in a wellorganized form. Canons for the experimental and clinical study of effects of known and new medicinal plants on healthy and sick patients were being developed. The introduction of many new species into practical therapy took pharmacy by surprise, as the pharmacist had to learn to recognise medicinal plants previously unknown to pharmacy, which was not without its mistakes. Misrecognised plants that became drug ingredients could exert unintended effects in therapy, undermining the authority of physicians, hindering the evaluation of drugs and threatening to fl ood scientifi c pharmacy with a stream of erroneous knowledge. Continued practical self-education of pharmacists in the fi eld of plant taxonomy was therefore claimed.
2
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Początki naukowej toksykologii roślin i jej wpływ na narodziny koncepcji drobnoustrojowego pochodzenia chorób

100%
Drobnik J.
Medycyna Nowożytna
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2024
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vol. 30
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issue Suplement I
217-264
EN
This work shows the birth of the concept of the microbial origin of disease in the 19th century, as influenced by earlier advances in the knowledge of drugs and poisons. It attempts to understand the essence of ancient medical theories (about miasmas, contagions, hospital infections, venoms of infectious diseases) by understanding the dosage forms of old anti-plague remedies and prophylactic behaviours. The ancient term miasma represented a pathogenic gas. It was considered a chemical poison and called aër, vapor or halitus in the 18th-century toxicology. Such a nature demanded to admit that gas retained its infectious nature in significant dilutions, which contradicted chemical knowledge. The 16thcentury term cont agium was an idea of contact infection and any other one caused by visible pathogenic matter. In the 19th century, hospital-acquired gangrene was thought to be transmitted by evaporating excretions and thus ultimately by the polluted air of hospital wards. This delayed the recognition of contagion as both contact infection and contamination of objects. In 1785, J. Plenck divided poisons into dose-dependent and dose-independent ones. The former were vegetable and inorganic chemical poisons. The latter caused infectious diseases, which he called virus. The idea of microorganisms was born only after the multiplication of chemical poisons was questioned. This required to assume that a pathogenic “poison” is produced in minute cells, living and able to reproduce. Hahnemann’s theory did not fi t with the concept of the microbial origin of disease.
3
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Cechy morfologiczne i anatomiczne wybranych gatunków kokoryczek Polygnatum Mill, jako próba wyjaśnienia historycznej nazwy tych roślin leczniczych - sigillum Salomonis

63%
Kadłubek P. K., Drobnik J.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2014
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vol. 23
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issue 1(44)
51-67
XX
Morphological and anatomical structure of two domestic species of solomon’s seal Polygonatum Mill. was studied: scented solomon’s seal Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce and many-flowered P. multiflorum (l.) all. (Convallariaceae Horan. family – lily-of-the-Valley family) in order to explain the historical name of these medicinal herbs – sigillum salomonis, i.e. “solomon’s seal”, used in botany and pharmacy from the 16th to 19th centuries. in both species their rhizomes, flowers, leaves and stems were studied. Features that make these two species different were pointed out, including features still not recorded in literature or until now shown incorrectly (length of pistil, length of rhizomes’ internodes, nervature of leaves, cf. table 1). particular attention was given to marks of fallen sprouts (scars) on rhizomes’ nodes of these plants. they are round, not star-shaped, and surrounded by a ridge of rhizome’s tissues, which resembles an impress of a round seal in wax. however, none of the studied structures resembles the shape of solomon’s seal (lack of star-like shape), which does not allow for the justification of the name’s etymology – sigillum salomonis – neither on the grounds of the structure itself, nor in connection with the importance of solomon’s seal in culture or history. Data on the use of the studied salomon’s seals in historical pharmacy was collated (starting from the 18th century until the present day). the data on the use of these plants in medicine are scarce and keep recurring in the quoted historical sources. the importance of the studied species in pharmacy was always minor and limited to their mainly external use on the skin and on wounds. Currently, the rhizomes of solomon’s seal are not applied in medicine. Their chemical composition was better known in the years 1979-2004.
4
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Spostrzeżenia nad pochodzeniem i powstawaniem współczesnej wiedzy ludowej o roślinach leczniczych i ich zastosowaniach na przykładzie badań etnomedycznych w okolicach Grybowa

63%
Radzik A., Drobnik J.
Medycyna Nowożytna
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2025
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vol. 31
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issue 1
9-26
EN
Survey research on folk medicinal plants revealed that in the Grybow area this knowledge is alive and well. The respondents mentioned 76 medicinal plants with mostly correct pharma ceutical actions and applications, typical for Polish official phytotherapy. New therapeutic ideas included yarrow herb (Achillea milefolium) against COVID-19 and Forsythia flower against the common cold. The study also uncovered remnants of outdated knowledge, which, while inadequate for today’s diseases and the mode of administration of the remedy, are noteworthy. These include bathing in a decoction of the plant in cases of delayed walking in children or weakness of the musculoskeletal system; directing the vapour from anti-cold infusions into the ear; and the red colour against anaemia, as well as the leaf shape signature in respiratory diseases. However, these uses were marginal within the knowledge examined. Correct knowledge acquired from contemporary sources (pharmaceutical advertising, internet, books) was also noted, such as the action of meadow clover herb (Trifolium pratense) against ageing and mulberry (Morus alba) leaf against hyperglycaemia, and Stellaria media as vitamin-yielding food additive. The species were identified correctly, and 1/3 of them were mentioned under folk names, usually similar to Polish scientific ones.
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