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PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony biblijnemu pojęciu przymierza, które w żydowskiej tradycji, w tym także tradycji politycznej, zajmuje miejsce szczególne. O ile przymierze z Noem ustanowiło prawo naturalne, obowiązujące wszystko stworzenie, o tyle przymierze na Górze Synaj było bezpośrednią relacją pomiędzy Bogiem a Izraelitami i dało początek ich istnieniu jako społeczności politycznej. Mówiąc o przymierzu w tradycji żydowskiej, mamy więc na myśli przede wszystkim przymierze Mojżeszowe, zwane także Wielkim Przymierzem. Wraz z nim zaczyna się historia Żydów, ono określa żydowski sposób życia i myślenia, także w odniesieniu do sfery politycznej. Należy podkreślić, że akceptowane dziś powszechnie w świecie zachodnim polityczne pojęcia suwerenności ludu, republikanizmu, federalizmu, podziału władzy są świeckim pokłosiem biblijnej idei przymierza, która zakorzeniła się w filozofii politycznej Zachodu za sprawą tradycji żydowskiej. Polityczny wymiar tradycji żydowskiej znalazł należne jej miejsce w literaturze naukowej głównie za sprawą Daniela Judah Elazara (1934 – 1999), wybitnego znawcy federalizmu i tradycji żydowskiej.
EN
This article describes the biblical notion of covenant (berith). The term covenant in the Jewish tradition has a strong theological, as well as a political dimension. The covenant motif is central to the biblical world view, the basis of all relationships, the mechanism for defining and allocating authority, and the foundation of the biblical political teaching. Sinai Covenant has been the basis for all legitimate Jewish political organization from antiquity to the present. Jewish political institutions and behavior reflect this covenantal base in the way that they give expression to the political relationship as a partnership based upon a morally grounded pact and, like all partnerships, oriented toward decision and policy-making through negotiation and bargaining. Wherever the possibility has existed, Jews have organized their political institutions on a federal basis (berith - Latin: foedus from federal). A covenanted community is republican in the original sense of res publica, a public thing, rather than the private preserve of any person or institution. In the Bible, the Jewish republic is referred to as the edah, from the term for assembly - in other words, a body politically based on the general assembly of its citizens for decision -making purposes. The covenant idea has within it the seeds of modern constitutionalism, in which it emphasizes the mutually accepted limitations on the power of all parties to it, a limitation not inherent in nature but involving willed concession. This idea of limiting power is of the first importance in the biblical worldview and for humanity as a whole since it helps explain why an omnipotent God does not exercise His omnipotence in the affairs of humans. The political compacts of the philosophers of the seventeenth and eighteenth century have been inspired by the biblical covenant, except that it was secular in character. The political dimension of the Jewish tradition has found its rightful place in the scientific literature thanks to Daniel Judah Elazar (1934 – 1999), eminent expert on federalism and the Jewish tradition.
EN
The article attempts to show how Kazimierz Czapiński saw and commented the activity of Hitler’s diplomacy. Kazimierz Czapiński (1882-1941) was an activist of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS), a member of Parliament and an active journalist. As a socialist and democrat Czapiński opposed Nazism. He criticized Nazi policy of ekspansionism forwards the Central-East Europe. Since the Nazi Party (NSDAP) came to power in Germany (1933) Czapiński emphasized a war danger. He hoped Europe could avoid a new war by organizing a coalition of democratic states - Great Britain, France, Soviet Union and other stales. Since 1937 Czapiński had not seen Soviet Union as the ally of democratic states. He thought the anti-Nazi peaceful coalition could be consolidated because the United States would have more interest in European political situation. The German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact surprised Czapiński. He recognized it as a treacherous pact of two totalitarian states.
DE
Wincenty Rzymowski fungierte als den Außenminister (2 V 1945-5 II 1947) während des Beginnes der Funktion von Organisation der Vereinten Nationen. Es wird in diesem Artikel über den Anschluss Polens an Organisation der Vereinten Nationen und über die Rolle von Rzymowski dort gesprochen. Der polnische Außenminister Wincenty Rzymowski schrieb die UNO - Charta am 16. Oktober 1945 unter und nahm an dem ersten und zweiter: Teil der ersten Session der Allgemeinen Ansammlung von Organisation der Vereinten Nationen in London und in New York 1946 teil. Der Besuch von Rzymowski in Vereinigte Staaten und in Großbritannien 1945-1946 wurde von der Presse der polnischen Exilregierung sehr scharf kommentiert. Es wurde die Äußerungen von Rzymowski und seine Verhaltensweise in „Dziennik Polski i Dziennik Żołnierza” viel und kritisch beschrieben.
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EN
The purpose of this article is to show the relationships of Hobbes’ political philosophy in Leviathan with the Reformed Theology, including the Covenant Theology. It is reasonable to claim that this philosophy was inspired by religious elements of Calvinism. Although Hobbes is classified as contractual thinker, however, in Leviathan he used the concept of covenant, but defined it as a contract. The concept of covenant is strongly associated with a moral sphere. In the political theory of Hobbes the covenant faithfulness is the basis for policy. The secular nature of Hobbes’ theory, in fact, is based on the moral ground.
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