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Zwierzęcy bohaterowie w powieści Crobinhoodovi Dunji Kalilić. Na tropie stereotypów

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Ślawska M.
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne
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2021
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issue 20
175-193
EN
This article analyses how animal characters were presented in the novel Crobinhoodovi by Dunja Kalilić, which belongs to the trend called ratni dječji roman in Croatian literature and shows the Serbian aggression against Croatia. The attention was paid in particular to the issue of stereotypes. The work consists of six parts. The first one is dedicated to the development of Croatian children’s animal studies. The second part shows the ways of portraying the war in Croatian literature for the youngest. The third part focuses on stereotypes about animals, the fourth one describes the stereotypical images of animals and people presented in the writer’s work, and the fifth part deals with national stereotypes. The last part is a summary of the considerations and presents the conclusion that the novel Crobinhoodovi makes it a goal to properly shape the child’s worldview, which is achieved by building and consolidating the negative stereotype of the Serbian soldiers.
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Jak opowiedzieć śmierć? Oblężenie Sarajewa w relacjach dziewcząt

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Ślawska M.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
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2019
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vol. 170
41-51
EN
The article is devoted to the analysis of three girls’ war diaries: by Zlata Filipović, Nadia Halilbegović and Nirvana Zeljković, who kept them during the siege of Sarajevo. The author of this article pays particular attention to the issue of death and the ways of writing about it. All girls call death by its name, they talk about dying without resorting to metaphors, they do it in a simple way, without euphemisms. Talking openly about death, as well as the form of the diary, which the authors chose to express their wartime experience, became a form of self-therapy and a method of dealing with wartime trauma.
RU
Статья посвящена анализу военных дневников трех девушек Златы Филипович, Нади Халилбегович и Нирваны Зелькович, которые вели записи во время осады Сараева. В тексте особое внимание уделяется вопросу смерти и способов ее описания. Bce девочки на- зывают смерть прямо, максимально просто, они говорят о ней не прибегая к метафорам и эвфемизмам. Манера открыто говорить о смерти, а также форма дневника, выбранная авторами для выражения своего военного опыта, стали формой автотерапии и методом борьбы с травмой военного времени.
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Między narodami, między kulturami, między językami, między gatunkami. Bory Ćosicia Dnevnik apatrida

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Ślawska M.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
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2016
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vol. 162
25-37
EN
This article concerns the issue of internationality, interculturalism and various forms of nomadism present in Bora Cosić’s Dnevnik apatrida. The first kind of writer’s nomadism (national-ethnic nomadism) is conditioned by his origin. Cosić grew up in amixed Croatian-Serbian community. He was born in 1932 in Zagreb, in a family of Croatian Serbs and when he was five years old he moved to Belgrade where he lived for the next sixty years. There is also acultural nomadism linked to Cosić’s origin, and more specifically, his cultural and literature background. The author circulates like atrue nomad between Serbian and Croatian literature and he is not firmly rooted in either of them. Cosić’s nomadic consciousness is expressed by the language. Thewriter writes in Serbian language with alot of Croatian additions and he is constantly in the process of a language ‘transit’. It may be noted that the author interchangeably uses the ekavian and ijekavian dialect in Dnevnik apatrida maintaining multilingualism to be understood not only linguistically, but also culturally. The fourth kind of nomadism, avery important one for Cosić’s creation, is an artistic­-aesthetic nomadism. In his writings, the author combines various elements, uses citation and familiar themes and motifs thus leading an intercultural dialogue with other writers and their works. In Dnevnik apatrida the writer has included many quotes from In search of lost time by Marcel Proust and used them asconstantly topical comments on the socio-political situation in the former Yugoslavia. In addition, the writer’s texts are on the verge of avariety of literary genres. Cosić undertakes akind of playing with forms, conventions and other models of literary expression.
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Między tekstem a obrazem. O specyfice postjugosłowiańskiego dyskursu encyklopedycznego („Leksikon Yumitologije, Bila jednom jedna zemlja. Titova Jugoslavija”)

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Ślawska M.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
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2017
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vol. 164
7-20
EN
The disintegration of Yugoslavia was not just the topic that permanently debuted in information services and on the front pages of newspapers, but also signifi cantly infl uenced on the formation of a new national culture, especially literature. The experience of the disintegration of the common state also brought the Yugo-nostalgia to post-Yugoslav cultures as a kind of sensitivity and attitude towards reality. Starting from the nineties of the twentieth century to the present time there are more and more new items that recall images of irretrievably lost homeland. Among them extremely interesting form of archiving past time are works that refer to the scientific and popular genres, such as dictionaries, reference books, manuals or guides and signifi cantly contribute to the transformation within post-Yugoslav encyclopedic discourse. In this text, I focused on two books — Leksikon Yu mitologije and Bila jednom jedna zemlja. Titova Jugoslavija by Željko Fajfrić, which attract attention of a reader to their extremely rich graphic design. They contain a lot of visual forms (imaging): photographs of famous people, reproductions of movie or theatre posters, books, CDs and magazines covers, pictures of diff erent kind of equipment, packages and labels — not seen nowadays. They are not the typical book illustrations, but rather images that live beyond the “text world” and outside the structure of the book. In this article I looked at the role they play in these works, especially the relationship occurring between image and text.
HR
Raspad Jugoslavije postao je jedna od najvažnijih književnih tema i izvršio je značajan uticaj na rađanje novih nacionalnih kultura. Doživljaj raspada zajedničke, multietničke i multikulturne zemlje doneo je postjugoslovenskim književnostima, takođe, fenomen jugonostalgije, koju treba podrazumevati kao vrstu osetljivosti i izvesnog odnosa prema sadašnjosti. Počevši od devedesetih godina XX veka pa do današnjeg dana stalno se pojavljuju nova prozna dela koja na razne načine rekonstruišu prošlost i zemlju koja više ne postoji. Među njima su najzanimljivije knjige koje namerno nastavljaju tradiciju naučne ili naučnopopularne književnosti i tipičnih za nju žanrova kao što su: rečnici, leksikoni, priručnici ili vodiči, te na značajan način uticale na promenu u okviru postjugoslovenskog enciklopedijskog diskursa. U ovom članku posebnu pažnju obraćam na dva izdanja — Leksikon Yu mitologije i knjigu Željka Fajfrića pod naslovom Bila jednom jedna zemlja. Titova Jugoslavija — koje odlikuje i izuzetno bogata likovno-grafička oprema. Pomenute knjige obuhvataju mnogo vizuelnih (grafičkih) formi: fotografi je poznatih osoba, reprodukcjije fi lmskih i pozorišnih plakata, korice knjiga, omote ploča, naslovne stranice časopisa, slike danas nepostojećih uređaja kao i ambalaže i nalepnice raznih namirnica. Nisu to tipične ilustracije za knjigu nego slike koje funkcionišu izvan „tekstualnog sveta”, izvan strukture knjige. U centru moje pažnje nalazi se ne samo uloga ilustracija u pomenutim knjigama, ali, pre svega, zajednički odnos slike i teksta.
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Doświadczenie starości w prozie autobiograficznej Bory Ćosicia

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Ślawska M.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
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2016
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vol. 163
749-760
EN
In this article, Ifocused my attention on the vision of aging and attitude towards this phenomenon which are present in Ćosic’s autobiographical prose. Based on texts, which were published after the year 1995, like Novi stanar (1998), Starost u Berlinu (1998), Carinska deklaracija (2000), Put na Aljasku (2006), Consul u Beogradu (2008) and the latest collection of writings entitled Mirni dani u Rovinju (2014), Imade the reconstruction of the writer maturation process to apositive / successfull aging. This one of the most famous post-Yugoslav stateless left Rovinj in 1995, were he moved from Belgrade in 1991, and then moved to Berlin, where he has been living during this time. At the beginning the German capital appears to Cosić as an unfriendly place that enhances the writer’s sense of alienation and old age. The writer defined his origin country as “the southern land”, while Berlin is acity in the north, which has became in his view asynonymous of old age or even death. On the pages of his works the author showed how gradually became familiar with this alien space. He found traces of his past and his former life in Belgrade in the urban space of Berlin. The recovery of memory and recollection open anew phase in the work of Bora Ćosić. Based on his works published after 2000 we could get aapicture of the artist, who seems to be atireless of his long life and has alot of work to do, who publishes new books and who is involved in many artistic events, readings and meetings with readers although he is 80. Ćosić is reconciled with old age and totally agrees with what fate brought to him. The evolution of attitudes towards life and old age are shown in the most complete way by his words that he often repeats: „I was born in Zagreb, I died in Belgrade, I live in Berlin”.
HR
U članku sam obratila pažnju na piščev doživljaj starosti. Zahvaljujući analizi autobiograf­skih knjiga, pre svega tekstova koje je autor objavio posle 1995. godine, kao što su: Novi stanar (1998), Starost u Berlinu (1998), Carinska deklaracija (2000), Put na Aljasku (2006), Consul u Beo-gradu (2008) inajnovija zbirka beležaka pod naslovom Mirni dani u Rovinju (2014), trudim se da ukažem Ćosićev put od negativne do pozitivne/uspešne starosti. Taj, jedan od najpoznatijih postju­goslavenskih apatrida, 1995. godine napustio je Rovinj, ukoji se preselio iz Beograda 1991. godine iotišao je uBerlin gde živi do danas. Čitajući tekstove, koje je autor napisao na početku svog bo­ravka unemačkoj prestonici, može se zapaziti da se tamo osećao pre svega kao drugi, kao stranac. Osećaj tuđinstva je izazivao ipojačavao osećaj starosti. Pisac je često ponavljao da je njegova otadžbina ostala na jugu, aon je došao na sever, koji je podrazumevao kao sinonim starosti, čak ismrti. Usvojim tekstovima autor je zabeležio kako je upoznavao grad iotkrivao mnogo kutaka koji su ga podsećali na život uBeogradu. Na berlinskim ulicama iustarim zgradama pronašao je tragove svoje prošlosti. Zahvaljujući tome počeo je da se oseća uBerlinu kao unekoj vlastitoj prostoriji. Stekao je pamćenje ina taj način prekoračio je smrt. Povratak pamćenja, memorije, otvara novu fazu uĆosićevom stvaralaštvu. Uknjigama, koje je autor objavio posle 2000. godine, nalazimo sliku starog čoveka, koji uprkos svojoj starosti nije umoran, mnogo radi iuživa utome, stalno izdaje nove knjige, učestvuje umnogim umetničkim događajima, izlaganjima isastancima. Prihvata svoju starost islaže se sa time što mu je život doneo. Promenu stava prema životu istaro­sti na najbolji način pokazuje rečenica koju Ćosić često ponavlja: „Moja kratka biografija utri reda glasi: rođen sam uZagrebu, umro uBeogradu, živim u Berlinu”.
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W poszukiwaniu straconego czasu. Smaki i zapachy dzieciństwa według Pavao Pavličicia

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Ślawska M.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
|
2015
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vol. 161
367 - 376
EN
Nostalgia for the past became apopular phenomenon after the break-up of Yugoslavia. It left a significant mark on the modern Croatian, Bosnian and Serbian autobiographical prose. In literary returns to childhood and adolescence the reader’s attention is attracted by writers’ affection to specific places, material things, family memorabilia, photographs, albums. This is the nature of the works of Croatian writer Pavao Pavličić who in his texts reconstructs the past and the world destroyed by war. This is the way the return to his home town Vukovar is possible — to Vukovar which exists only in the memory of the author. Vukovar has become aspatial theme in Pavličić’s works which connects the books like Dunav, Šapudl, Kruh imast, Vodič po Vukovaru and Kako preživjeti mladost in aseries known as the Vukovar series. Also the smells and tastes became for Pavličić an inspiration for anostalgic journey into the past. Their descriptions can be found in all parts of the series, but they are most important in the book Kruh imast, which in terms of content and construction resembles arestaurant menu. It is not just the writer’s family menu, but it may represent the entire city and indeed the second Yugoslavia. Thanks to descriptions of smells and tastes most personal experiences are back. These sensory impressions enabled the writer to find his place in the world and to redefine his identity.
7
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Grafizacja w prasie, czyli o kilku przykładach organizacji przestrzennej tekstów prasowych

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Ślawska M.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica
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2016
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vol. 32
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issue 2
131-147
EN
In the article, the author underlines that each press text is a macrostructure, organized by key elements (for example: titles, leads, initial and final fragments, photographs). Those elements in the press are isolated and graphically designed by authors and editors. The author considers the graphic shape of the text as a certain form of its visualization. In the article, the author refers to several texts from “Duży Format” (a supplement to the “Gazeta Wyborcza” daily), where textual space is visualized in various manners. The author points out multi-voice structures, the atypical lay-out of press columns in the fashion of photographs, introduction of infographics into reports, playing with light, or incorporating the text into the graphics. The represented examples of text graphization fit into the tendency of visual journalism, and at the same time prompt the viewer with additional possibilities for the interpretation of press texts.
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Społeczny wymiar dziennikarskiego wywiadu – studium przypadku

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Ślawska M.
Roczniki Humanistyczne
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2022
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vol. 70
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issue 6
165-177
EN
This article presents a text genre analysis of a socially significant text: an interview by Anna Dziewit-Meller with Janina Bąk, entitled “58 blizn” (58 scars). This text features two interactional modules: the interview as an intimate statement (making privacy public, coming out) and the interview as a social manifesto. These two intertwined perspectives are represented at the level of the text genre: structure, strategic points, the discussed topic of mental disorder, and the purpose of the interview. At the pragmatic level, the analysis of the statements made by the journalist and the interviewee of the text testifies to their being aware that the interview is a genre intended for public reception. The compositional combination of an intimate testimony with a journalistic, interventionist and social dimension has a clear educational character, and can even serve as a social intervention itself. The analysed text, as far as its genre is concerned, also has a discursive dimension. It is an evident manifestation of the discourse on exclusion, illness, and the disclosure of intimacy. At the same time, its social context is expressed through the ability to define one’s own identity, to speak openly about difficult experiences with the awareness of “being public” when functioning in the world of the media.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje analizę genologiczną ważnego społecznie tekstu – wywiadu Anny Dziewit-Meller z Janiną Bąk pod tytułem „58 blizn”. W tym konkretnym tekście autorka odnalazła dwa moduły interakcyjne: wywiad jako intymne wyznanie (perspektywa upublicznienia prywatności, coming out) oraz wywiad – jako społeczny manifest. Te dwie splatające się perspektywy zostały rozpoznane na poziomie gatunkowych aspektów: struktury, miejsc strategicznych, przywołanego tematu choroby psychicznej oraz celu wywiadu. Na poziomie pragmatycznym analiza wypowiedzi dziennikarki i bohaterki wywiadu świadczą o świadomości gatunkowej, o świadomości publicznego odbioru tekstu. Kompozycyjne połączenie intymnego wyznania z publicystycznym, społecznym wymiarem ma wyraźny edukacyjny charakter, ma wręcz funkcję społecznej interwencji. Analizowany wywiad jest także realizacją dyskursu. Stanowi bowiem ważny ślad dyskursu o wykluczeniu, chorobie, ujawnieniu intymności. Jednocześnie jego społeczny kontekst wyraża się w umiejętności definiowania własnej tożsamości, nazywania trudnych doświadczeń ze świadomością „publicznego” funkcjonowania w świecie mediów.
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Oswajanie obcości kulturowej w przekładzie literatury dziecięcej. Przypadek Domowych duchów Dubravki Ugrešić

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Ślawska M.
Slavia Meridionalis
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2020
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vol. 20
PL
Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest przekładowi na język polski zbioru opowiadań Dubravki Ugrešić pt. Domowe duchy. Jest to jedyna książka pisarki adresowana do najmłodszych czytelników, która ukazała się poza granicami Chorwacji. Szczególna uwaga skierowana została na kwestię obcości kulturowej, którą w książce Ugrešić generują przede wszystkim nazwy własne (nazwy duchów, imiona i nazwiska pozostałych bohaterów). Dorota Jovanka Ćirlić, autorka przekładu, dokonała udomowienia tekstu źródłowego, zastępując wszystkie nazwy własne, pojawiające się w oryginale, polskimi ekwiwalentami. Zastosowane przez tłumaczkę strategie translatorskie zostały omówione oraz zilustrowane licznymi przykładami w toku analizy porównawczej.
EN
The case of Dubravka Ugrešić's Kućni duhovi [Home Ghosts]This article is devoted to the Polish translation of Kućni duhovi [Home Ghosts], a collection of short stories by Dubravka Ugrešić, her only book addressed to the youngest readers which has been published outside Croatia. The study focuses on the issue of cultural strangeness generated mostly by proper names that appear in the stories: ghosts' names, and the names and surnames of other characters. In her translation, Dorota Jovanka Ćirlić domesticated the source text, replacing all of them with Polish equivalents. The comparative analysis presented in this article considers translation strategies she used and illustrates them with numerous examples.
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Chorwaccy i serbscy wydawcy polskich książek dla dzieci i młodzieży w latach 1991–2022

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Ślawska M.
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
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2023
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issue 19
EN
The aim of the article is to show how the repertoire of translations of Polish literature for children and young people in Croatia and Serbia has changed over the last thirty years. The author presents the changes that have taken place on the book market in both countries, and then shows which books by Polish authors are of particular interest to local publishers and turning points in the history of Polish children's books in these two countries in the analyzed period. The attention was focused on the activities of small publishing houses, which can be called “Lilliputians” such as: Srednja Europa and Planet Zoe from Croatia, and Propolis Books and Kozikas from Serbia. The text shows what quantitative and qualitative changes took place with the appearance of the above-mentioned publishers, who focus on children's literature of small languages, rarely found on bookstores. The analysis of their activities was carried out on the basis of Itamar Even-Zohar's theory of cultural repertoire, during which it was proved that the role played by these publishers in the process of shaping and modifying the repertoire of translations of Polish literature for children in both countries can be identified with the role of idea-makers.
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O literackich losach opowieści o bitwie na Kosowym Polu i próbie przybliżenia jej polskim czytelnikom dziecięcym

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Ślawska M.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Historicolitteraria
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2023
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vol. 23
257-276
EN
This article is devoted to the Polish edition of a collection of Serbian folk songs, which was published in 1962 by the Polish publishing house Nasza Księgarnia under the title Bitwa na Kosowym Polu (The Battle of Kosovo). It is the first and only complete edition of the songs of the Kosovo cycle in Polish, translated for young readers by Zygmunt Stoberski, an outstanding translator and promoter of Serbian literature in Poland. The article is divided into several parts. In the first one, attention is focused on the battle itself, which took place in 1389, the folk songs commemorating this event and the importance of the Kosovo myth. In the second part, the focus is on the fascination with the Serbian Middle Ages in Serbian literature for children and youth. In the following parts, Polish‑Serbian literary contacts after World War II and the history of translations of texts for children, the translation and popularization activities of Zygmunt Stoberski, and the reception of Serbian folk song in Poland were reviewed. The main purpose of the article was to show how the translator and the publishing house Nasza Księgarnia adapted the Serbian epic to the perceptual abilities of young readers. It also shows how Bitwa na Kosowym Polu can be seen against the background of Polish historical prose for children, which was written in the 1950s and 1960s.
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Publikacyjny ślad recepcji koncepcji Marii Wojtak w środowisku badaczy mediów przyjmujących perspektywę genologiczną lub dyskursologiczną

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Kępa-Figura D., Ślawska M.
Studia Medioznawcze
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2023
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issue 1
130-152
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Koncepcje Marii Wojtak – perspektywa mediolingwistyczna

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Kępa-Figura D., Ślawska M.
Studia Medioznawcze
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2023
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issue 1
4-14
EN
The primary aim of the paper is to demonstrate how Maria Wojtak’s conceptions serve as a methodological basis for thinking about text, genre or discourse and the functioning of these categories in the media. The secondary aim is to draw attention to the analytical utility of her categories in empirical research of communicative realities. Research concept: Starting with a synthesis of Wojtak’s achievements in text genre studies, the authors indicate their possible applications in media studies. Results and conclusions: The concepts developed by Wojtak represent a humanistic conceptualization of text, genre, and discourse in the media which enables explorations of the most complex communicative phenomena. Originality/cognitive value: The value of the paper lies not only in the original media-linguistic synthesis of Wojtak’s conceptions or the attention paid to their applications in media studies but also in the way these conceptions are visualized.
PL
Celem artykułu było (po pierwsze) pokazanie koncepcji Marii Wojtak jako bazy metodologicznej myślenia o tekście, gatunku, dyskursie i o funkcjonowaniu tych kategorii w mediach, a także (po drugie) zwrócenie uwagi na ich analityczną przydatność w badaniach empirii komunikacyjnej. Koncepcja: Autorki, wyszedłszy od syntezy genologicznych dokonań lubelskiej lingwistki, wskazały możliwe medioznawcze ich zastosowania. Wnioski: Zaprezentowane koncepcje Wojtak są humanistycznym myśleniem o tekście, gatunku, dyskursie w mediach, pozwalającym na badanie najbardziej skomplikowanych zjawisk komunikacyjnych. Oryginalność/wartość poznawcza: Wartością artykułu jest nie tylko oryginalna mediolingwistycznie uwarunkowana synteza koncepcji Wojtak oraz zwrócenie uwagi na ich medioznawcze zastosowania, ale także sposób wizualizacji tych koncepcji.
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Koncepcje Marii Wojtak w polskich badaniach komunikacji medialnej – praktyka aplikacyjna

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Kępa-Figura D., Ślawska M.
Studia Medioznawcze
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2023
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issue 1
15-41
EN
The aim of the paper is to investigate how the media communication research community employs the methodological solutions developed by Maria Wojtak and, consequently, to determine the importance of her approach for contemporary media linguistics and, more broadly, for media studies. Research methods: In pursuit of this objective, the authors arranged a survey with 69 researchers who rely on a text-genre or discursive outlook in their examination of the media. The study was a three-stage process, using scientific sources, knowledge bases, a Google form and in-depth interviews (scoring interviews). Results and conclusions: The analysis of the source base enabled––firstly––generalizations related to the extent and intensity of the use of Wojtak’s conceptions in research, expressed in the universality and generality of their applications and beliefs about the universality and generality of these applications, as well as declarations about the inspirational nature of Wojtak’s ideas as a starting point for the authors’ research explorations. Secondly, the analysis showed that media communication scholars view Wojtak’s concepts not only as tools for describing media texts but also media. Thirdly, the analysis allowed pinpointing the interdisciplinary and unifying power of Wojtak’s conceptions in the media-linguistic community. Originality/cognitive value: The greatest value is an attempt to characterize the community of researchers using Maria Wojtak’s conceptions, their beliefs and points of scientific inspiration.
PL
Celem artykułu było ustalenie, jak środowisko badaczy komunikacji medialnej korzysta z metodologii wypracowanej przez Marię Wojtak, a w konsekwencji – określenie wagi tej koncepcji dla współczesnej mediolingwistyki i szerzej – dla medioznawstwa. Metoda badań: Realizując ten cel, autorki artykułu przeprowadziły badanie z udziałem 69 naukowców, przyjmujących w oglądzie mediów perspektywę genologiczną lub dyskursologiczną. Badanie było trzyetapowe, wykorzystano pracę na źródłach naukowych, bazach wiedzy, formularz Google’a oraz wywiady pogłębione (określone jako punktowe). Wyniki: Analiza bazy źródłowej pozwoliła – po pierwsze – na uogólnienia dotyczące zasięgu i natężenia wykorzystywania koncepcji Wojtak, wyrażające się m.in. powszechnością i uniwersalnością zastosowań oraz przekonaniami o powszechności i uniwersalności tych zastosowań, a także deklaracjami dotyczącymi inspiracyjności pomysłów Wojtak jako punktu wyjścia autorskich poszukiwań badawczych. Po drugie, analiza ta wykazała, że badacze komunikacji medialnej widzą te koncepcje jako narzędzia opisu nie tylko tekstów medialnych, lecz także mediów. Po trzecie, zwróciła uwagę na interdyscyplinarną i scalającą środowisko mediolingwistyczne moc koncepcji Wojtak. Oryginalność/wartość poznawcza: Największą wartością była próba opisania środowiska badaczy wykorzystujących koncepcje Marii Wojtak, ich przekonań i miejsc naukowych inspiracji.
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Lidy na pierwszych stronach dzienników ogólnopolskich – perspektywa genologiczna

51%
Ślawska M., Kalisz A., Tyc E.
Socjolingwistyka
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2022
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vol. 36
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issue 1
45-62
EN
The main aim of this article was to juxtapose the findings and concepts of leads with their analysis on the front pages of poland’s national dailies (under analysis were Rzeczpospolita, Nasz Dziennik, and Gazeta Wyborcza published throughout november 2020). The authors were interested in the introductory paragraphs of the main news, announcements or commentaries on a given issue. Presenting the analysed leads from a structural and a pragmatic perspective enabled the definition of the lead as a paratextual genre, always located at the beginning of a press text, graphically distinguished, intentionally designed by the author or publisher of the text, and targeted at the recipient on whom it is expected to have a persuasive effect. A lead has an overt dual notification function; it acts as an advertisement for the text. In the material studied, we distinguished two leading categories: information-dominant and journalistic-dominant leads. Most of the leads under analysis were those with a journalistic dominance (Gazeta Wyborcza – 85%; Nasz Dziennik – 75%; and Rzeczpospolita – 50%). The second part of the study consisted of an analysis of the editions of the three dailies published on 13 November 2020. The front pages of the dailies that day featured articles about the events of 11 November 2020 – the riots during the Independence March in Warsaw. This approach enabled an examination of leads in a comparable context, and helped determine that they displayed intra-textual and multimodal relationships. Titles were an important accompaniment to leads, while body texts developed the content of the introductory paragraph in individual text segments. It was only in the Rzeczpospolita daily that the lead was quoted in the commentary almost verbatim. In these three selected front pages, other intra-textual relationships could be observed: a lead with mid-headings, a photograph and its caption. We examined readability of leads with journalistic dominance by conducting a survey with a group of 219 students. We stripped information regarding the place of issue from the leads presented to the respondents. The research showed that respondents were not always able to detect the journalistic dimension of the lead, and would not choose a strongly opinion-building lead for the front page of a newspaper, opting for a more summative or informative lead in this function.
PL
Głównym celem artykułu było zestawienie ustaleń oraz koncepcji dotyczących lidów z ich analizą opartą na przykładach pochodzących z pierwszych stron dzienników ogólnopolskich (analizą objęłyśmy Rzeczpospolitą, Nasz Dziennik oraz Gazetę Wyborczą z listopada 2020 roku). Interesowały nas wstępne akapity głównych informacji, zapowiedzi czy komentarzy danego wydania. Ukazanie lidów w dwóch perspektywach – strukturalnej i pragmatycznej – pozwoliło zdefiniować lid jako gatunek paratekstowy, umiejscowiony zawsze na początku tekstu prasowego, wyróżniony graficznie, w sposób zamierzony przygotowany przez autora bądź przez wydawcę tekstu, kierowany do odbiorcy, na którego oddziałuje perswazyjnie. Lid ma wyraźną funkcję podwójnego powiadamiania. Jest reklamą tekstu. W badanym materiale wyróżniłyśmy dwie główne kategorie: lidy z dominantą informacyjną oraz lidy z dominantą publicystyczną. większość lidów przez nas analizowanych stanowiły te z dominantą publicystyczną (Gazeta Wyborcza – 85%, Nasz Dziennik – 75%, Rzeczpospolita – 50%). Druga część badania polegała na analizie wydań z 13 listopada 2020 roku – na pierwszych stronach trzech dzienników pojawiły się teksty dotyczące wydarzeń z 11 listopada 2020 roku, czyli zamieszek podczas Marszu Niepodległości w Warszawie. To pozwoliło zbadać lidy w kontekście, wchodziły one bowiem w relacje wewnątrztekstowe i multimodalne. Tytuły były ważną eskortą lidów, natomiast korpusy rozwijały treść akapitu wstępnego w poszczególnych segmentach tekstu. Tylko w Rzeczpospolitej lid prawie dosłownie został przytoczony w komentarzu. Na tych trzech wybranych pierwszych stronach można było także zaobserwować inne relacje wewnątrztekstowe: lidu ze śródtytułami, zdjęciem i jego podpisem. Aby sprawdzić umiejętność odczytania lidów z dominantą publicystyczną, przeprowadziłyśmy ankietę na grupie 219 studentów. Prezentowane lidy pozbawiłyśmy informacji dotyczącej miejsca wydania. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynikało, że respondenci nie zawsze potrafili odczytać publicystyczny wymiar lidu, a na pierwszą stronę gazety nie wybraliby lidu silnie opiniotwórczego – tylko bardziej streszczający lub informacyjny.
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Wykaz publikacji Marii Wojtak związanych z językiem mediów i gatunkami dziennikarskimi

51%
Kępa-Figura D., Podviazkina A., Ślawska M.
Studia Medioznawcze
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2023
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issue 1
122-129
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Status i wyzwania mediolingwistyki – rozmowa z prof. Krzysztofem Kaszewskim, prof. Hartmutem Lenkiem, prof. Iwoną Loewe, prof. Heinzem-Helmutem Lügerem, prof. Simonem Meier-Vierackerem, prof. Magdaleną Ślawską oraz prof. Marią Wojtak

39%
Kaszewski K., Lenk H., Loewe I., Lüger H.-H., Meier-Vieracker S., Ślawska M., Wojtak M.
tekst i dyskurs - text und diskurs
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2021
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issue 15
61-94
PL
Rozmowa z prof. Iwoną Loewe, prof. Magdaleną Ślawską, prof. Marią Wojtak, prof. Krzysztofem Kaszewskim, prof. Hartmutem Lenkiem, prof. Heinzem-Helmutem Lügerem oraz prof. Simonem Meier-Vierackerem o statusie i wyzwaniach mediolingwistyki
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Status und Herausforderungen der Medienlinguistik – Gespräch mit Prof. Krzysztof Kaszewski, Prof. Hartmut Lenk, Prof. Iwona Loewe, prof. Heinz-Helmut Lüger, Prof. Simon Meier-Vieracker, Prof. Magdalena Ślawska und Prof. Maria Wojtak

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Kaszewski K., Lenk H., Loewe I., Lüger H.-H., Meier-Vieracker S., Ślawska M., Wojtak M.
tekst i dyskurs - text und diskurs
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2021
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issue 15
95-135
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