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PL
Przełom XIX i XX wieku przyniósł na ziemiach polskich poważne zmiany w dziedzinie postaw politycznych i społeczno-religijnych. W sposób szczególny zaznaczyły się one w galicyjskim środowisku chłopskim. Wiązało się to z rozwojem w ostatnim dwudziestopięcioleciu XIX w. na tych terenach ruchu ludowego przy udziale duchowieństwa katolickiego. Ks. Stanisław Stojałowski był wybitnym przedstawicielem tego ruchu. Uczestniczył w powołaniu do istnienia Stronnictwa Chrześcijańsko-Ludowego, założył m.in. Towarzystwo Kółek Rolniczych. Ks. S. Stojałowski doceniając zalety prasy w dziedzinie kształtowania świadomości i postaw społecznych, w 1875 r. objął redakcję „Wieńca” i „Pszczółki”. Te dwa periodyki odegrały istotną rolę w jego akcji ludowej. Nagłaśniane przy ich pomocy niezależne poglądy w kwestiach społecznych i ekonomicznych sprowadziły na niego poważne szykany a także utrudnienia w realizowaniu działalności wydawniczej.
EN
The end of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th brought important changes in political and socio-religious attitudes in Polish society. They were especially noticeable among the peasants of Galicia. This was connected with the development of the peasant movement there in the last decade of the 19th century, with strong encouragement from the clergy. Rev. Stanisław Stojałowski was an important representative of that movement. He took part in the founding of Stronnictwo Chrześcijańsko-Ludowe (The Christian Folk Party); among other things he organized Towarzystwo Kółek Rolniczych (The Society of Agrarian Cooperatives). Understanding the role of press in forming social consciousness and attitudes, he took over the editorship of “Wieniec” (The Garland) and “Pszczółka” (The Bee). These two periodicals played an important role in his activity. The independent opinions on social questions he expessed caused him to be subject of strong opposition and made his editorial and publishing work more difficult.
EN
Early observations show that the introduction of e-learning to the rural areas of the EU has brought fewer advantages than had initially been expected. Results of international research – interpreted by means of the sociological theory of diffusion – indicate that economic profitability does not have much influence on the pace of disseminating that innovation since rural inhabitants – both those following e-learning courses as well as those who have not yet done so – largely feel that that type of education has a variety of advantages including the lowering of its costs. It seems that its social profitability has a crucial influence on the poor dissemination of this new form of teaching and learning. E-learning has not yet found its niche in the value systems or educational experiences of Europe’s rural populations, since – rather like other forms of education – it does not automatically improve the capability of coping with current day-to-day problems. A better adaptation to the needs of rural inhabitants through the perception of various types of deficits hindering the usage of this type of education is intended by the so-called innovative e-learning, implementing new and generally innovative solutions to the pedagogical, technological and organisational fields which overcome existing limitations through a greater flexibility of ways of potential participants accessing e-learning proposals as well as greater adaptation to individual needs.
EN
Making the SMEs sector a leading element of the structure of the modern, i.e. highly innovative, rural economy is possible under some conditions. Enterprises situated in rural areas have to, above all, function in as wide-ranging services sector as possible, they have to introduce networking to different dimensions of their activity and, most of all, they have to create conditions for continuous enhancement of knowledge and skills of their employees. Each of the aforementioned conditions requires extensive use of information technologies. Unfortunately, according to research, only a small share of rural entrepreneurs in Europe seems to be sufficiently aware of the fact. Their rather widespread belief that a mobile phone and a computer with Internet access are absolutely necessary to run a rural business, goes hand in hand with a lack of awareness of the link between innovativeness and the use of the online education system (e-education), which guarantees universal and affordable access to knowledge both to the entrepreneurs and to their employees.
EN
The aim of the study is to identify strategists’ approaches to paradoxes associated with strategic management in organizations under conditions of increased uncertainty. In pursuit of this goal, it is crucial to both identify strategists’ opinions on paradoxes and explore their experiences in applying them in the practice of strategic management. The research was conducted using a qualitative approach, employing in-depth interviews with strategists (n = 18). The research findings indicate that, in conditions of heightened uncertainty, strategists employ solutions and practices characteristic of a paradoxical approach. This reflects a significant shift in the application of paradoxical perspectives under conditions of high environmental uncertainty, triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences.
PL
Celem opracowania jest identyfikacja podejścia strategów do paradoksów związanych z zarządzaniem strategicznym organizacją, w warunkach wzmożonej niepewności. W ramach celu istotne jest zidentyfikowanie zarówno opinii strategów na temat paradoksów, jak i doświadczeń w ich wykorzystaniu w praktyce zarządzania strategicznego. Badanie prowadzone było w podejściu jakościowym z wykorzystaniem pogłębionych wywiadów ze strategami (n = 18). Wyniki badań wskazują, że w warunkach wzmożonej niepewności stratedzy stosują rozwiązania i praktyki charakterystyczne dla podejścia paradoksalnego. Ukazuje to istotną zmianę w zastosowaniu optyki paradoksów w warunkach dużej niepewności otoczenia, wywołanej pandemią COVID-19 i jej następstwami.
EN
The aim of the study was to identify strategists’ attitudes towards the efficiency vs flexibility dilemma under uncertainty. The research was conducted in a qualitative approach using in-depth interviews with strategists (n = 18). The findings reveal that, in the face of uncertainty, various strategic attitudes emerge. In addition to strategies focused on optimisation (efficiency) or resource reserves (flexibility), defensive and offensive attitudes were revealed, thereby constituting a matrix of responses to the examined dilemma.
PL
Celem opracowania jest identyfikacja postaw strategów wobec dylematu związanego z dążeniem do efektywności vs elastyczności w warunkach niepewności. W przeprowadzonym badaniu zastosowano podejście jakościowe z wykorzystaniem pogłębionych wywiadów ze strategami (n = 18). Wyniki pokazały, że w warunkach niepewności różnie kształtuje się sposób postrzegania badanego dylematu. Obok postaw skierowanych na optymalizację (efektywność) lub rezerwy zasobowe (elastyczność) ujawniają się również zachowania defensywne i ofensywne, tworząc tym samym macierz postaw wobec badanego dylematu.
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