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EN
This article analyses the Soviet system of repatriation of Lithuanian citizens from the Third Reich, and the verification of their political credibility (filtration) in the Lithuanian SSR in 1944–1952. It aims to establish how people managed to come back and elude repatriation institutions and compulsory filtration procedures, how many people returned in this way, how they managed to adapt to the system, and how this group of people was treated by the regime’s internal affairs and security agencies.
LT
Straipsnyje tiriamas SSRS veikusios repatriantų grąžinimo iš buvusio Trečiojo reicho teritorijos bei jų politinio patikimumo patikrinimo (filtracijos) sistemos funkcionavimas Lietuvos SSR 1944–1952 m. Siekiama išsiaiškinti, kaip žmonėms pavykdavo sugrįžti išvengiant repatriacijos institucijų ir privalomos filtracijos procedūrų, kiek tokių savarankiškai grįžusiųjų galėjo būti ir kaip jie prisitaikė, kaip šią gyventojų grupę traktavo režimas – vidaus reikalų ir saugumo organai.
EN
The article focuses on the activities of the Lithuanian Union of Political Prisoners of the Anti-Nazi Resistance in Germany and the USA, an organisation that has not been studied in the historiography so far. It was founded in 1946 to care for the repressed participants of the anti-Nazi resistance and their families but it went beyond the narrow boundaries of humanitarian aid to its members and became involved in the anti-Soviet struggle of the Lithuanian diaspora. In 1948 and 1952, the word ‘anti-Nazi’ was dropped from its name. The organisation united the Lithuanians repressed by the Nazi and Soviet regimes. The article analyses the circumstances of the founding of the union, its aspirations and achievements, and the reasons for its changing identity.
LT
Straipsnis skirtas istoriografijoje iki šiol netyrinėtos organizacijos – Lietuvos antinacinės rezistencijos politinių kalinių sąjungos – veiklai Vokietijoje ir JAV. Ji buvo įkurta siekiant globoti represuotus antinacinio pasipriešinimo dalyvius bei jų šeimas 1946 m., bet pranoko siauras humanitarinės pagalbos savo nariams ribas, įsitraukė į lietuvių išeivijos antisovietinę kovą. 1948 ir 1952 m. pavadinime atsisakyta žodžio „antinacinė“. Organizacija vienijo nacių ir sovietų režimų represuotus lietuvius. Analizuojamos sąjungos įkūrimo aplinkybės, siekiai bei nuveikti darbai, taip pat jos tapatumo kaitos priežastys.
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LT
Straipsnyje analizuojami XIX a. pabaigoje – XX a. pirmoje pusėje išleisti lietuviški laiškų rašymo vadovėliai. Tokie vadovėliai buvo gana populiarūs (išėjo bent 17 pavadinimų knygelių) ir turėjo įtakos XX a. pirmosios pusės egodokumentų (laiškų, atminimų albumų, teisinių dokumentų ir pan.) turinio bei formos raidai. Jie tiriami liaudies prusinimo iniciatyvų kontekste, turinyje įžvelgiant ne tik asmeninio, bet ir juridinio raštingumo lavinimo pradmenis.
EN
The article analyzes the Russian residents’ (who lived in the country for many years or landed in Lithuania due to war circumstances) position and political orientation in 1941–1944. The strongest focus is laid on activities of the Bureau of the Trustee for Russian Residents established in March 1943. This Bureau both spread the Nazi propaganda and conscripted the youth into the German security police, attended to the fellow Russians evacuated from the USSR etc. According to Aleksej Stavrovski, the trustee of the Bureau, in 1943 around 1,000, i.e. 1 percent of the Russians of Lithuania, participated in the ‘active fight’ (the German army, police units and transport service). A few more thousands of them were shipped or went voluntarily to work in Germany. It is difficult to identify the ratio of the political sentiment among the Russian residents, but the German occupation authorities managed to rally quite influential forces for their propaganda. Among them were the leaders of the Old Believers and Orthodox Churches and the above mentioned Bureau of the Trustee for Russian Residents. The position, political sentiment of the Russian community basically coincided with the general situation of the public in Lithuania. They were not the ‘fifth column’ of the Soviet regime, but the reasons and scope of collaboration with the Germans did not exceed the usual local standard either.
EN
In its pursuit of the anti-church policy the Soviet regime which was gaining strength in Lithuania faced obvious resistance from Church hierarchs and the congregation. In the period from around 1944 to 1948 the opposition was mostly initiated by the clergymen and Church hierarchs who reacted to the attempts of the regime to eliminate the Church from public life, expropriate church property, etc. In 1948 following the registration of churches and servants of the cult accompanied by repressions and arrests of the priests, resistance of the clergy withered away, however, the congregation got involved into more active defence of their rights – in 1948–1953 parishioners of almost every church in Lithuania protested against the discriminatory decisions of the authorities that had direct impact on them. Representative of the Council for the Affairs of Religious Cults B. Pušinis’ plans to drastically decrease the number of churches of various confessions and strip them of permanently serving priests evoke effective opposition. Congregations of small villages and towns manifested more solidarity and activeness. Petitions to institutions of the government were signed by hundreds of people including low-ranked Soviet activists such as kolkhoz chairmen and district deputies who obviously still had illusions about the religious policy of the Soviet regime. Opposition to the ant-religious policy was organized in an exceptionally legal manner and even included modern rhetoric about the rights guaranteed in Stalin’s constitution, i.e. the defence of church interests did not imply critique of the regime. The Soviet regime was successful in its attempts to suppress the scope of the opposition as the discontent was channelled off to fruitless correspondence with high-ranked institutions and due to the blockade of information all manifestations of dissatisfaction remained on the local level and could not have any social consequences.
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