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Teoria estetyczna w nauce Hume’a o naturze ludzkiej

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Wawrzonkowski K.
Filo-Sofija
|
2006
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vol. 6
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issue 6
207-222
EN
The article deals with the problems of aesthetics found in two works of David Hume: Treatise of Human Nature and Of the Standard of Taste. Both works, being complementary to each other, give the epistemological grounds for the theory aesthetics. On the basis of Hume’s Treatise I show the epistemological frame of the theory, compare two principal kinds of reasoning (demonstrative and metaphysical), and sketch the possibility of judgments concerning beauty. The conception of beauty developed in the work equals it with utility and place the phenomenon in the sphere of social relations. The conception is further compared with another one, fully explained in the later work Standard of Taste. The procedure allows of the critical analysis of the whole conception of aesthetics with special reference to the category of beauty and to aesthetic judgments.
2
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O spostrzeżeniach zmysłowych i ideach nabytych w filozofii Kartezjusza

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Wawrzonkowski K.
Roczniki Filozoficzne
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2015
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vol. 63
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issue 1
49-64
PL
Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie poglądów Kartezjusza dotyczących związków między postrzeżeniami zmysłowymi a ideami nabytymi. W związku z tym, że zagadnienia te były przez autora Medytacji opracowywane przez wiele lat i ujmowane z odmiennych perspektyw, zestawiam tutaj poszczególne ich ujęcia z najważniejszych pism. Analizy przeprowadzone są zgodnie z chronologią powstawania dzieł, dlatego autor rozpoczyna je od pism fizykalnych, przez metafizyczne i dotyczące anatomii człowieka, by skończyć na psychologicznych. Takie ujęcie tematu pozwala ukazać zmianę podejścia Kartezjusza do omawianego problemu od jego naturalistycznego stanowiska do immanentyzmu. A jednocześnie umożliwia zasygnalizowanie istnienia nieusuwalnego na gruncie jego filozofii rozdarcia między opisywanym przezeń rozciągłym fizykalnym światem a treścią umysłu.
EN
The article presents Descartes’ views on connection between sensible perceptions and adventitious ideas. The author of Meditations worked on this issue for many years and conceived it from different perspectives, therefore the author of the article tries to compare its various de pictions presented in his most important works. The analysis is held according to the chronology of works’ origin and this is why the author begins it from physical works, trough metaphysical and concerning human anatomy, to finish with psychological writings. Such a perspective allows presenting how Descartes’ approach to the issue developed from naturalistic to immanent standpoint. And at the same time it enables to indicate that there is irremovable dilemma in his philosophy between described by him physical extensive world and content of mind. And at the same time it enables to indicate the dilemma of his philosophy: the existence of the irremovable gap between physical extensive world and the contents of human mind.
3
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Kantian Normal Idea vs Santayana’s ‘Psychology’ of Defining Characters as Aesthetic Forms

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Wawrzonkowski K.
Kultura i Edukacja
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2016
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issue 4(114)
63-77
EN
The objective of the presented article consists in the juxtaposition of two depictions of mechanisms of imagination which we use to create averaged images of all sensual experiences. The first of them is Kantian normal idea conducive to the construction of adherent beauty, whereas the second - Santayana’s concept of formation of a generic idea, aesthetic type or an ideal. It is my conviction that both these proposals are convergent, as they refer to the same method of functioning of the imagination, however they differ in certain details, as they are inscribed in nearly entirely opposite aesthetic concepts. However, Santayana’s theory of character creation goes further than Kant’s concept, as it exceeds the averaged image of the normal idea, and, while not being equivalent to Kantian aesthetic idea constituting a certain product of genius, it heads towards the idealisation of representations available to all people. The purpose behind Santayana’s concept proves to be more practical as compared to the solution proposed by Kant. In this depiction, we should recognise a universal mechanism of the imagination in the formation of characters as aesthetic forms, enabling a person to define his/her place and gain knowledge on the human world of attitudes, customs and ordinary behaviours.
4
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Thomas Hobbes’s Elements of Law and His Third Objections to Descartes’s Meditations

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Wawrzonkowski K.
Roczniki Filozoficzne
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2020
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vol. 68
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issue 2
179-194
EN
In this article I endeavour to present the axis of the dispute between Hobbes and Descartes on the ground of Meditation, and its most important moments. I focus primarily on the analysis of the most important accusations made by Hobbes and the reconstruction of some of his views, which at the time could only be found in The Elements of Law, Nature, and Politics. This work was the first major and coherent attempt to speak out on cognitive-theory and social issues; I strive to defend the thesis that understanding the content of Objections requires knowledge of this work. The mature form of the work shows that the Englishman already had his views well thought-out and could feel quite confident in formulating from their perspective critical remarks on Descartes’s philosophy, to which, it seems, he may have owed quite a lot.
PL
Elementy prawa Thomasa Hobbesa a jego zarzuty trzecie do Medytacji Kartezjusza W niniejszym artykule staram się przedstawić oś sporu pomiędzy Hobbesem i Descartesem na gruncie Medytacji, oraz jego najważniejsze momenty. Skupiam się przede wszystkim na analizie najważniejszych postawionych przez Hobbesa zarzutów i rekonstrukcji wybranych jego poglądów, które wówczas można było odnaleźć jedynie w The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic. Dzieło to było jego pierwszą większą i spójną próbą wypowiedzi na zagadnienia teoriopoznawcze i społeczne; staram się bronić tezy, że zrozumienie treści Zarzutów wymaga znajomości owego dzieła. Dojrzała forma dzieła świadczy o tym, że Anglik już wówczas miał swoje poglądy przemyślane i mógł czuć się dość pewnie formułując z ich perspektywy uwagi krytyczne względem filozofii Descartes’a, której jak się wydaje mógł on niejedno zawdzięczać.
5
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Smak i geniusz. Teoria piękna Alexandra Gerarda

100%
Wawrzonkowski K.
Filo-Sofija
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2008
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vol. 8
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issue 8
105-120
EN
The article deals with Alexander Gerard’s theory of beauty and his analysis of the categories of taste and genius. Gerard begins his enquiries with delineating a distinction between external and internal senses. The former category includes five traditionally named senses, while the latter are: novelty, sublimity, beauty, imitation, harmony, oddity and virtue. According to Gerard, internal senses are a sort of particular, intermediate tastes, which due to harmonizing with each other, create the taste proper. Therefore, the taste’s sensitivity and proficiency in judgment making depends to a large extent on particular tastes. Reconstructing the draft of Gerard’s theory of beauty the author of the article describes particular types of this aesthetic category: the beauty of shape, the beauty of proportion and the beauty of colour. Also, the author points out some relations between taste and genius. Moreover, by virtue of some similarity between Kant’s philosophy and the earlier British tradition, the author compares Kant’s and Gerard’s theories on the role of genius in creativity.
6
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Thomasa Hobbesa koncepcja wyobraźni

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Wawrzonkowski K.
IDEA. Studia nad strukturą i rozwojem pojęć filozoficznych
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2012
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vol. 24
9-36
EN
The article deals with Thomas Hobbes’ conception of imagination. Hob-bes was aware of Greek and Latin origins of the term. According to him, imagination is nothing but a decaying sense. While reconstructing the draft of Hobbes’ theory of imagination, the author of the article describes the activity of mind as motion caused by bodies, and states that imagination can overcome the bounds of senses and memory. On the one hand, imagination is limited toexperience (in its reproductive function), but on the other, it can create newideas, conceptions or trains of thoughts (in its productive function).
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