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EN
The article deals with the issue of the sources of nationalism in the Spanish region of Galicia. The presented analysis aims at explaining the reasons for its specific evolution. Thus, there are presented historic and cultural grounds being a foundation of all nationalist tendencies as well as other factors influencing their development. It also emphasizes that the lack of economic stimuli effected in weak institutionalization of nationalist movements. Basing on the research conducted by the Political and Social Science Institute in Barcelona, there may be drawn an interesting conclusion that national identity of the Galicians is equally a regional (Galician) identity as the national (Spanish) one. Most inhabitants of Galicia opt for autonomy within the Spanish state – as it is now.
EN
The article presents the analysis of the role of non-state actors in shaping global security. It points out the functions performed by states and the observation that their role is gradually diminishing in favor of non-state actors. The article also presents the classification of these actors (governmental and non-governmental organizations, corporations, militias, think-tanks, diasporas, political parties and the Catholic Church) differentiating their significance for international security.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia analizę roli, jaką pełnią różni aktorzy niepaństwowi w kształtowaniu bezpieczeństwa globalnego. Zwraca uwagę na funkcje, jakie obecnie pełnią w tym procesie państwa oraz wskazuje, że ich rola stopniowo maleje na rzecz aktorów pozapaństwowych. Artykuł jednocześnie dostarcza klasyfikację tychże aktorów (organizacje rządowe, pozarządowe, korporacje, grupy zbrojne, think-tanki, diaspory, partie polityczne czy Kościół katolicki), różnicując ich znaczenie dla bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu wskazanie kluczowych elementów kultury strategicznej Rosji i czynników powodujących jej zmiany. W pierwszej części dokonano krótkiego przeglądu koncepcji kultury strategicznej i różnych podejść w ramach kilku ram teoretycznych (liberalizmu, konstruktywizmu oraz postmodernizmu). Artykuł koncentruje się na najważniejszych determinantach rosyjskiej kultury strategicznej, a mianowicie: historii, ideologii, geopolityce, kwestiach systemowych i religii, a także wskazuje, w jakim stopniu rosyjska polityka odzwierciedla te determinanty.
EN
The article aims at identifying key elements of Russia’s strategic culture and drivers for its change. It starts with a short theoretical overview of the strategic culture concept and different approaches within various theoretical frameworks (liberal, constructive, and post-modern). It focuses on most important determinants of Russian strategic culture, namely history, ideology, geopolitics, systemic issues, and religion. It examines the extent to which Russian policy reflects these determinants.
EN
Professional work, both for the able-bodied and the disabled, is a very important value. It is a source of satisfying existential needs, as well as a chance for development and self-realization. For people with disabilities, it is a space for social integration, it prevents exclusion and alienation. That is why it is so important to support a student with a disability with the professional process of career counseling at the stage of education.
EN
Regionalism is a sense of common identity of the inhabitants of a particular region and the consequent desire for greater autonomy. The article presents the characteristics of regionalism in Aragon, Andalusia, Valencia and the Canary Islands with the emphasis on the most representative elements of each region (the other autonomous communities in Spain, despite the presence of certain differences, do not have a sense of separate identity, and do not show desire for greater autonomy even in such a way as to be able to call it regionalism, while in the three historical lands – the Basque Country, Catalonia and Galicia, there is strong nationalism, which is a much stronger anti-central incentive than regionalism). The article also aims at analyzing the causes of nationalist movements – mainly the socio-cultural differences (in Andalusia and the Canary Islands), the politico-economic conditions (in Aragon and Valencia) and geographical location (Canary Islands).
PL
Artykuł dotyczy wojny informacyjnej prowadzonej przez Federację Rosyjską i koncentruje się głównie na kwestiach związanych z narzędziami propagandowymi, które były wykorzystywane podczas konfliktu na Ukrainie. Artykuł stanowi także próbę znalezienia odpowiedzi na pytanie, do jakiego stopnia rosyjskie działania są groźne dla bezpieczeństwa euroatlantyckiego. Kwestie te są zaprezentowane na tle politycznych realiów konfliktu, aby lepiej zrozumieć, dlaczego Rosja wykorzystuje konkretne narzędzia walki informacyjnej. Artykuł analizuje techniki manipulacji, w tym stosowania specyficznych elementów tożsamości rosyjskiej, takich jak historia czy Kościół prawosławny. Artykuł zamyka analiza możliwego wpływu tych działań na bezpieczeństwo i stabilność UE i NATO oraz poszczególnych państw członkowskich.
EN
The article discusses Russian information warfare focusing mainly on propaganda issues, which were used during the conflict in Ukraine, and tries to find an answer to the question of to what extent these undertakings are dangerous to Euro-Atlantic security. It provides a political background of the conflict in order to better understand why Russia is using particular information warfare tools. The article analyzes manipulation techniques and the use of specific elements of Russian identity such as the attitude to history and the role of the Orthodox Church. Finally, it discusses a possible influence these actions may have on security and stability of the EU and NATO and their particular member states.
EN
The Author’s goal is to present the problem of autonomous communities in Spain. She presents a short historical overview of nationalistic and regional social movements in various parts of Spain. She discusses various conditions influencing their creation, evolution and peculiarity. National minorities question in Spain is multi-dimensional. The complexity results form historical roots and, more and more influential economic issues. The strongest separatist ambitions are present in Catalonia and Basque Country – the two most developed and prosperous regions of Iberian Peninsula. The second part of the analysis illustrates approach of Spanish government to the question of national minorities and how this problem is addressed in Spanish law. Spanish nation is not an ethnical one. It’s rather an ideological-sociological construct, which can be assigned some specific features. As the 2 article of the Constitution says, the Spanish nation is composed from two elements: nationalities and regions. The indirect consequence is that there exists a Spanish nation (nación) and nationalities (nacionalidades), which could be defined as inhabitants of each region/ autonomous community (pueblos de España). Affirmation of nationalities are Autonomous Statues of each community, which usually in preamble address the question of their identity.
EN
The article aims to present the issue of ‘old’ versus ‘new’ wars in relation to their specific features. It focuses on the characteristics of both phenomena, as well as providing an analysis of the causes and sources of armed conflicts and their changing dimensions. Methods of waging war have changed along with the political, economic, social and technological developments which have been observed over the years. The very philosophy of war has undergone changes in a similar way. The article aims to identify the direction of changes in the dimensions of war. It also provides an insight into the privatization of warfare and the constantly growing importance of non-state actors in shaping the international order, and therefore their role in post-modern wars.
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EN
The aim of the paper is to provide an analysis of security in the Baltic region, regarding the decision taken by NATO toward strengthening the security of the Baltic region when facing the threat from the East. It looks deeper into geostrategy as one of the keys to understand the vagaries of security dilemmas in the Baltic area. The article presents a situation analysis from both the Baltic states’ and NATO’s perspectives, having as a background recent actions undertaken by Russia.
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