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EN
Today, science has six oldest Hebrew alphabetic inscriptions: ostracon from ʼIzbet Ṣartah (about 1200 BC), inscription from Tel Zayit (/ 11th / half of 10th century BC), ostracon from Chirbet Qeiyafa (decline 11th - the first half of 10th century BC – reign of Saul ); a new inscription from Chirbet Qeiyafa (dated as the previous one); new ostracon form Ophel, Jerusalem (11th or half of 10th BC – reign of Solomon, it is also the oldest Hebrew inscription from the area of Jerusalem); Gezer Calendar (second half of 10th BC – reign of Solomon or the first half of the ninth century BC). This article discusses of contemporary state of research on early Hebrew inscriptions. It also presents the author's own findings and related issues of ancient Hebrew epigraphic.
EN
The article presents the beginnings of alphabetic writing in Sinai (Serabit al-Chadim) in the context of the Egyptian hieroglyphic writing and the subsequent early alphabetic inscriptions from Wadi al-Hôl (Egypt) and Wadi Arava (Israel). In the light of the present state of research it can be concluded that the oldest alphabet (type: abgad) was established Semites working in the copper mines in Sinai under the rule of Egypt, probably in the nineteenth century BC. Direct effects on Semitic alphabetic writing had Egyptian hieroglyphs. Discovered in recent years alphabetic inscriptions in the Wadi al-Hôl and Wadi Arava turned out to be younger than the Sinaic inscriptions and are another element in the early development of alphabetic writing.
EN
At the end of the seventh century Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan built the sanctuary Qubbat as-Sachra on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. It is difficult to explain the reasons for this foundation. Perhaps he wanted to make it a place of hajj. During this time, Mecca was under the occupation of the anti-caliph Ibn Zubair. Another reason could be the desire to commemorate the night journey of the Prophet Muhammad. Available written sources do not clearly explain any of these hypotheses. The location, architecture and decoration suggest that the Caliph built a magnificent monument to the power and glory of Islam.
EN
In the twentieth year of his reign Pharaoh Sheshonq invaded Canaan. This expedition is described in the inscription on the Bubastite Portal in Karnak. However, in two places in the Bible there is information about the invasion of Pharaoh Shishaq to Judah (1 Kings 14:25 – 26; 2 Chronicles 12:1 – 12). Generally, in contemporary science, both descriptions are considered to be a report about the same event. Accurate analysis of both texts does not allow such an interpretation. It leads to two conclusions: the sources talk about two different military campaigns, and Shishaq and Sheshonq I are not the some person. There is a clear lack of coherence between the biblical text and the Egyptian inscription in a few places. The biblical description is more in the nature of midrash than the historical chronicle. Religious issues come to the first place, and historical ones remain in the background.
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PL
W dniu 13 czerwca 1558 r. Wawrzyniec Spytek Jordan, znaczący dygnitarz czasów Zygmunta Augusta i właściciel dóbr melsztyńskich, wystawił na zamku Melsztyn dokument lokacyjny dla nowego miasta Zakliczyn nad Dunajcem. Założenie to znajdowało się na miejscu starszej, bo pochodzącej najpewniej jeszcze z końca XI lub początków XII w. wsi, należącej do opactwa tynieckiego. Początkowo pod nazwą Dunaviz, a później jako Opatkowice, jest ona potwierdzona w średniowiecznych źródłach. Była to ważna wieś targowa, położona na uczęszczanym szlaku handlowym, stanowiąca konkurencję dla innych miast, na przykład Czchowa. W 1557 r. Wawrzyniec Spytek Jordan za zgodą króla Zygmunta Augusta dokonał zamiany z ówczesnym opatem tynieckim Wojciechem Baranowski kilku swoich wsi na trzy wsie opackie, m.in. Opatkowice. W następnym już roku założył nowe miasto, nawiązujące nazwą do rodzinnej wsi Jordanów w okolicach Myślenic. Aż do połowy XVII w. naddunajecki Zakliczyn rozwijał się intensywnie, lecz „potop szwedzki” przerwał na wiele dziesięcioleci ten czas rozkwitu.
EN
On the 13th of June, Wawrzyniec Spytek Jordan, an important dignitary from the epoch of Sigismund August and owner of goods in Melsztyn validated a location document in the castle of Molsztyn for a new town by the name of Zakliczyn on the river Dunajec. It was situated at the site of an older village probably dating back to the end of XI or the beginning of XII century and belonging to the abbey in Tyniec. First it was called Dunaviz, then Opatkowice, and was mentioned in Middle Ages sources. It was an important fair village, situated on an intensely frequented trade rout. Zakliczyn proved a serious rival for other towns, such as Czchów. In 1557, Wawrzyniec Spytek Jordan with the consent of king Sigismund August exchanged a few of his villages with the then-abbot of Tyniec Wojciech Baranowski for three abbot’s villages, among others Opatkowice. In the following year he founded a new town whose name harked back to his family village of Jordanów in the vicinity of Myślenice. Until the middle of XVII century, Zakliczyn on the river Dunajec developed prosperously. However, the “Deluge” put an end to this development.
EN
This article is a synthetic approach in a historical context and in the light of the results of archaeological excavation, the so-called early synagogues of the land of Palestine, issues in the Second Temple Period. These objects still raise many doubts and scientific controversy. After discussing the historical sources and functions of the ancient synagogue, it deals with objects from the early synagogues(or protosynagogue), mainly hypothetical, discovered in Israel.
EN
Sepphoris is, after Tiberias, the greatest city of ancient Galilee, and was for several years the capital. Its splendor reached its highest at the turn of the 1st century B.C and 1st century A.D. and in the 2nd and 3rd centuries A. D. Still, the city does not appear in the New Testament, though many other cities of Galilee are mentioned. This paper is a synthetic approach to the history and tradition of ancient and early medieval Sepphoris. It is not a typical reconstruction of the history of the city. The place of Sepphoris in the history of Galilee and the Jewish and Early Christian tradition was important, although there are few historical sources confirming this fact.
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