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EN
The text examines school failure and the underachievement of boys in the light of the wider context of gendered, un/equal opportunities in the education system and process. Recent findings from international research reports are raised in a discussion to confirm or refute theories of the marginalization of boys and young men. Based on relevant Czech statistical data, the article contributes to opening up Czech sociological debate on gendered educational and life courses.
EN
Recent trends in health care provision, targeted by social science researchers employing concepts such as deprofessionalization, routinisation, proletarisation or commercialisation, also provide insight into the current situation in the Czech healthcare system. This article contributes to debates in, and about, Czech medicine. This paper presents results from a survey of physicians conducted in late 2012. Within this survey, medical doctors expressed their opinions about the general situation in Czech medicine. Czech doctors were also asked about their opinions about the introduction of potential changes in reproductive medicine practice relating to childbirth outside hospitals, accessibility to assisted reproduction for single women, performing caesarean sections upon request. Doctors’ attitudes towards medical manipulation of DNA and embryos were also examined. The survey results presented in this study suggest that there are deep gaps in the attitudes of Czech doctors depending on their working environment. The empirical results do not support an image of homogeneity in doctors’ medical opinions. Czech physicians’ attitudes are shown to correlate with some socio-demographic characteristics such as sex category, age or religion. The attitudes of some doctors toward assisted reproduction techniques or changes in obstetric practices are supportive of demands for change made by some patients. Physician support for change of the practices under question is more evident in medical specialisations such as gynaecology and obstetrics than in other areas of Czech medicine. Answers to open-ended questions that examined perception of the most serious problems in modern medicine were dominated by specific issues arising from experience with patients and broader concerns regarding the Czech healthcare system.
EN
The article examines the concept of biopower as it relates to contemporary reproductive medicine. It puts forth analytical frames for understanding the ways in which the power and hegemony of modern Western medicine (biomedicine) are applied and negotiated in the field of human reproduction, and it proposes possible uses for such frames in the sociological study of Czech reproductive medicine. It deals mainly with biopower and biopolitics as analytical concepts pertaining to the control and administration of the modern population, governmentality, medicalisation, and authoritative knowledge. The article conceives biomedicine as a sign of the normalisation of modern society, identified with the Western concept of health and illness and the idea of technological progress, and subjects it to critical sociological analysis. It focuses on an analysis of reproductive medicine, a key sphere of biopower. In the context of biopower, analysis of the normative nature of reproductive medicine and its consequences in the wider social space is significant. Such consequences affect intimacy and sexuality, the institute of kinship, heteronormative reproduction, gender identities, and more. The authors’ interest in this subject is motivated by the strong connections between reproductive medicine, technology, and the commodification of health and illness. The article also focuses on the methods that Czech sociology has used to date to study this topic. The authors aim to introduce a conceptual approach into Czech sociology of medicine and use it to analytically link the theme of biopower and reproductive medicine.
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