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EN
In the article, an attempt was made to identify the most important factors that contributed to the loss of dominant position of China in the South-East Asian region under the influence of the expansion of the European countries, which consisted inter alia of: competition – which revealed in the crushed medieval Europe; the scientific revolution, espe-cially in the fields of mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry and biology, to the transition to a capitalist and a highly industrial economy; the development of the rule of law and representative government based on the law of private property, liberating modern methods of economy and economics; modern medicine allowing to increase the quality and length of life; the development of the consumer society – releasing tech-nological progress in order to meet the growing demand; a high level of work ethic – revealing by the increase in productivity and the accumula-tion of capital; the influence of cultural civilization of ancient Greece, Rome and Christianity – acting in all of the areas of the socio-political and economic Europe.
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę zidentyfikowania najważniejszych czynników, które przyczyniły się do utraty dominującej pozycji Chin w regionie Azji Południowo-Wschodniej pod wpływem ekspansji krajów europejskich, na którą złożyły się m.in.: konkurencja – która ujawniła się w zdruzgotanej średniowiecznej Europie; rewolucja naukowa, szczególnie w dziedzinach matematyki, astronomii, fizyki, chemii i biologii, do przejścia do gospodarki kapitalistycznej i wysoce uprzemysłowionej; rozwój praworządności i reprezentatywnego rządu opartego na prawie własności prywatnej; wyzwolenie nowoczesnych metod ekonomiki i ekonomii; nowoczesna medycyna pozwalająca na podniesienie jakości i długości życia; rozwój społeczeństwa konsumpcyjnego – wyzwalanie postępu technologicznego w celu zaspokojenia rosnącego popytu; wysoki poziom etyki pracy przejawiający się wzrostem produktywności i akumulacją kapitału; wpływ cywilizacji kulturowej starożytnej Grecji, Rzymu i chrześcijaństwa we wszystkich społeczno-politycznych i gospodarczych obszarach Europy.
PL
As a consequence of the intensification of nuclear tests and long-range mis-siles, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea has become the subject of debates and pressure from the international environment, which is mani-fested by the increasingly stringent sanctions imposed by the UN Security Council, complemented by diplomatic pressures and intensified political influence on Pyongyang by the United States and China. As a result of their application, the relations between the two Korean states were warmed up, and the North Korean leader, Kim Jong Un, proposed to implement the process of denuclearization of North Korea and a direct meeting with the US President, Donald Trump. Why was there an unprecedented meeting and what are the consequences? How was the meeting perceived by the American regional allies? What is the position of China in connection with the events? What are the prospects for progress in contacts between North Korea and the United States, South Korea, China and Japan? Is it possible to fully denuclearise the Korean Peninsula? An attempt to answer these ques-tions has been made in this article.
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