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EN
In the article we try to determine the legal character of the act calling elections of local governments units’ authorities, regulation The source of controversy is that Polish legislature uses the same word (rozporządzenie, regulation) for different kinds of legal acts. Some of them regulate repetitive situations; they are of abstract and general nature. Other apply only to particular cases. In the article upon careful scrutiny of the character of the legal norms derived from the act calling elections, systemic comparison with similar types of legal acts, analysis of judicial opinions and legal doctrine, we find that there is a special ‘hybrid’ category of legal acts, that lay between legislative act and acts applying the law to individual cases. It is characterised by the character of the norms – they are at the same time general (apply to unlimited number of persons or other entities) and concrete (regulate singular, unrepetitive situation). Act calling elections belongs to that category.
Zeszyty Prawnicze
|
2022
|
vol. 22
|
issue 4
209-234
EN
In Polish law, there are numerous situations when a person’s status under administrative law affects his or her legal status as regards employment, and conversely, when his or her employment status affects his or her rights and obligations under administrative law. This situation holds for doctoral students at postgraduate schools. The Higher Education and Science Act of 20 July 2018 (Prawo o szkolnictwie wyższym i nauce, Dz. U 2022, Item 574 as amended) introduced restrictions on the employment of doctoral students in institutions for science and higher education. The purpose of the measure is to protect public fnances by increasing the number of doctoral students graduating within the prescribed term. However, observations show that owing to the meagre scholarships granted to doctoral students, these restrictions may in fact apply more economic pressure on doctoral students and work against the provision’s intended purpose.
PL
W prawie polskim liczne stosunki zatrudnienia regulowane są równocześnie przez prawo pracy oraz prawo administracyjne. Taki szczególny reżim regulacji określonych stosunków prawnych wynika z prawnie chronionego interesu publicznego. Od czasu wejścia w życie przepisów ustawy z 20 lipca 2018 r. – Prawo o szkolnictwie wyższym i nauce także stosunki zatrudnienia doktorantów podlegają takiej podwójnej regulacji. Ustawa wprowadziła ograniczenia w zakresie zatrudniania doktorantów w podmiotach nauki i szkolnictwa wyższego. Celem takiego działania jest ochrona finansów publicznych poprzez zwiększenie odsetka doktoratów bronionych w terminie. Wnioski wskazują, że z uwagi na niewielką wysokość stypendium doktoranckich ograniczenia mogą zwiększać presję ekonomiczną na doktorantów, a tym samym działać przeciwko założonemu celowi instytucji prawnej.
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