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EN
The article deals with Ukrainian historians’ scholarly contributions to investigate the events of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, as well as the reflection of these historical and at the same time tragic events in memoir literature. The influence on the Ukrainian historical science of a new stage in the development of Hungarian and Russian historiographies of the 1956 October Revolution, which began in the late 1980s and early 1990s, is noted. Among the studies of domestic historians, the author highlights the monographs of I. Korol', V. Luschaj and R. Pyliavets', publications about echoes of the 1956 Hungarian events in Transcarpathia, as well as memoirs of the Ukrainian public-political and cultural figure, dissident and human rights activist L. Taniuk.
EN
This analytical note is a response by the expert to the letter “Stop a Discrimination Against Carpatho-Rusyns on the Basis of Nationality“ (dated 14 November 2019) from certain figures of Rusyns' associations in Zakarpattia Region of Ukraine, addressed to the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Against the complex historical, political, national and cultural development of Zakarpattia the author of this analytical note refutes baseless allegations and requirements of rusyn activists of the region to accept at constitutional level in Ukraine „Rusyn people“, „(Sub)Carpatho-Rusyn ethnicity“, to give him supposedly legal, historical rights of autonomy, to protect him from a so called “discrimination and genocide”
EN
The article examines historical, geographical, geopolitical, socio-cultural and mental conditionalities and peculiarities of European policy of Ukraine as a strategic direction of foreign policy from the early days of independence, main phases, contradictions and challenges in implementing its "European choice". Particular attention is paid to the problems of civilizational identity and geopolitical transformation and approximation of Ukraine to European values and standards, as well as the evolution of relations between Ukraine and the European Union. The study highlights the considerable potential of the Ukraine - European Union Association Agreement as a fact and a factor of crucial civilizational choice of Ukraine and the lack of alternatives to its European perspective as a condition of preserving the independence and the territorial integrity, strengthening the democratic national power and enhancing the wellbeing of the Ukrainian citizens.
EN
The article considers various historiographical approaches to the treatment of the beginning of the Second World War. The author notes that the collapse of the great empires, defeating the imperial consciousness and the emergence of new countries from their remains and a completely new global balance of powers as the immediate consequences of the First World War reconfigured the geopolitical and strategic map of the entire European continent and have created hopes for a new global order of the post-war Europe based on equal national rights and peaceful coexistence among peoples, democratization and humanization of the European society. Unfortunately, many hopes and expectations of millions of people have been left unfulfilled pursuant to imperfections in the Versailles system of the post-war arrangement of Europe. 1918-1919 seemed the start of a new democracy in Europe, but soon the situation has changed to the opposite. In Europe totalitarian regimes were established. Two decades later, during lifetime of participants of the First World War, those very states led the whole world into the Second World War, the most terrible and bloody conflict. The paper indicated that the genesis of the Second World War received significant attention in an enormous corpus of scientific literature, whose scope is growing rapidly. The Soviet and Russian historiography focuses on the Munich Agreement (1938) as a pivotal event which “opened the way to the Second World War – the greatest tragedy of the twentieth century” and “provided justification for the USSR's rapprochement with Germany” as a forced step from J. Stalin. However, the Western historiography asserts that Non-Aggression Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union of 1939 became turning moment which has plunged the world into war and led to the so-called Fourth Partition of Poland, the seizure by Germany of large parts of Europe (Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, France, Yugoslavia, Greece), the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-1940 (the Winter War), Soviet occupation of the Baltic states, Bessarabiya and Northern Bukovyna as a logical consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. The author does not exclude the possibility that the starting date of the Second World War may be revised in the near future. Brutal military campaigns of Japan in Asia (the 1930s) and Italy in Africa (1935-1936), the Japanese-German Anti-Commintern Pact of 1936, to which Italy had acceded in 1937, the 1936-1939 Spanish Civil War, the battle of Lake Khasan (1938), the battles of Khalkhyn Gol (1939), the Anschluss Österreichs (1938), the Munich Agreement concluded on 30 September 1938 which has led to accelerating the occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (Non-Aggression Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union of 1939) were a prelude to the Second World War. These tragic and great events not just have paved the way for a new stage of historical development, but also have provided a long-term programme for human history.
EN
Autonomous Subcarpathian Rus’, and subsequently independent Carpathian Ukraine, existed for an extremely short period of time: from October 1938 to the second half of March, 1939. Despite this fact, there was such a rapid development of political events in the country that the attention of the whole world was drawn to Carpathian Ukraine. This also applies to the researchers who, at the end of the 1930s, began to study the history of Carpathian Ukraine. The declaration of independence on March 14, 1939 was explained by the desire of the Ukrainian population of the region for freedom. However, the disintegration of Czechoslovakia and the declaration of independence by Slovakia were also of great importance for this act. Despite some spontaneity and haste, this historical event in the life of not only Transcarpathian Ukrainians, but of the entire Ukrainian people was of great historical importance. After January 21, 1919, it was the second attempt to declare to the whole world that Ukrainian nation is alive and ready for state life. Although this act of declaration of independence, ratified on March 15, 1939 at the Soim of Carpathian Ukraine, was more symbolic than real politics, it played a large role in forming the self-consciousness of the entire Ukrainian nation. It was during the period of Carpathian Ukraine that a kind of transition from consciousness of Transcarpathian Ruthenians to Transcarpathian Ukrainians ended. In the late 1930s, Carpathian Ukraine was the only state where a small branch of the Ukrainian people proclaimed their independence and declared their desire to live a state life. The Ukrainians who were part of the USSR, as well as the Ukrainians under the control of Poland and Romania didn’t have such opportunity. However, they treated Carpathian Ukraine as an area where an attempt was made to restore Ukrainian statehood. On this basis, it is necessary to consider the formation of the Carpatho-Ukrainian state as the second stage – after the liberation contest of 1918–20’s – in the struggle for the creation of Ukrainian state formation on a separate Ukrainian territory
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