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1

European environmental politics - consent among Social Democrats and Liberals?

100%
Szabo M.
Tarsadalomkutatas (Social Science Research)
|
2006
|
vol. 24
|
issue 3
403-429
EN
Green politics is beyond Left and the Right as it was told by many analysts. This thesis seems to be working in the case of environmental politics within the EU, which is supported by both Social Democrats and Liberals. Europe intends to be one of the most progressive regions regarding environmental quality and policies. This pioneering role and basics of EU environmental policies are accepted and even developed further by parties and governments of Social Democrats, Liberals and Conservatives as well. Sustainability, biodiversity, environmental planning, environmental rights of citizens, global and regional co-operation for environment, partnership with Green NGOs, codes of conduct, all these policies and institutions e.g. values are undoubtedly parts of the consent of parties and governments of both sides. The study shows some of the leading European Social Democratic Party and government programmes as well as Liberal Party and government programmes moving in this direction. Political consent, however, is the end of politics which is built upon conflict between friend and foe, and if environment as other policy areas is connected to globalisation and regionalisation will be built upon as consensual terrain within the EU party and ideological identities of the Left and Right, but may be overshadowed by a common environmental dedication on the European level.
2

The structure of Hungarian public revenue and expenditure, 1991-2004

51%
Benedek D., Lelkes O., Scharle A., Szabo M.
Kozgazdasagi Szemle (Economic Review)
|
2006
|
vol. 53
|
issue 2
119-143
EN
The article describes the structure of government revenues and expenditures in Hungary, using aggregate statistics for the years between 1991 and 2003. This leads to four important observations: (1) Taxes on capital are relatively low, which may be justified in the short run by the need to encourage investment and hence accelerate the convergence to EU income levels. (2) The structure of revenues approaches the European Union's average in most dimensions. The exception to this is the distribution of taxes on capital and labour: taxes on capital are lower, while taxes and social-security contributions levied on labour are much higher than in most EU member-states, which is likely to create an incentive for unregistered employment. (3) The levels of expenditures and of public consumption are high, which may slow economic growth. Finally (4), the combined redistributive effects of revenues and expenditures seem to favour middle or high-income groups (as compared to low-income groups) more than in other EU countries.
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