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Rynek produktów sprawiedliwego handlu (fair trade) w Polsce

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Kronenberg J., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. M. S. G.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2008
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vol. 221
EN
Fair trade constitutes a new concept in Poland. Not many consumers are aware of it a not many retailers offer fair trade products. However, one may expect that the development fair trade market in Poland will resemble a similar process in Western Europe. In this context, the article presents fair trade with a particular focus on the distribution systems of fair trade products in Western Europe and on the potential development of fair trade market in Poland. The case study of Poland includes a description of the current situation; an outlook into the future; and a discussion of potential barriers to the development of fair trade market.
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Handel a środowisko - modele ekonometryczne

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Kronenberg J., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. M. S. G.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2004
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vol. 180
EN
The interactions between international trade liberalisation and the slate of the environment can be illustrated with econometric models. Both theoretical and empirical models can be used. This type of research was mainly developed in the nineties. The first theoretical works did not have many assumptions. Gradually, the models were becoming increasingly sophisticated. On their basis three crucial effects were identified. These include: scale effect (related to the growth of economic activity caused by trade liberalisation), composition effect (reflecting changes in the structure of production caused by specialisation) and technical effect (related to the income growth and changing preferences towards clean environment). Empirical models are based more on historical data which is however difficult to obtain. To create these models it is necessary to adopt the available information. The example is the attempt to quantify the impact of the Uruguay Round trade negotiations on the environment. The final results of this type of research are very sensitive to the changes of variables.
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Ekomarketing i jego instrumenty

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Kronenberg J., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. M. S. G.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2007
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vol. 204
EN
Green marketing is the art of satisfying consumer needs in a profitable and environmentally friendly manner. Its popularity is rising and will still rise for the next 20-30 years. Environmental protection will become too obvious then to treat it as a separate trend in marketing. Green marketing uses the same instruments that are used by traditional marketing. Their role and use reflect differences between the two concepts. In the article the notions of product, price, place (distribution), promotion, packaging, publicity and political power are discussed from the green marketing perspective.
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