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Wkroczenie Wehrmachtu do Torunia i zarząd wojskowy miasta (7 września–25 października 1939 r.)

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Grochowina S.

Rocznik Grudziądzki

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2017

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vol. 25

163-176

EN

The article presents the image of the city of Toruń during the German military administration from September 7, 1939 (the city’s takeover by the German troops) to October 25, 1939 (the last day of the military administration). The organization of the military administration in the territories seized by the Wehrmacht units were specifically regulated in Adolf Hitler’s decrees of September 8 and 25, 1939. Until October 25, 1939, Toruń belonged to the German military district “West Prussia” (Militärbezirk Westpreussen), which was headed by General Walther Heitz, while Albert Forster, the Nazi Party’s former Gauleiter of the Free City of Danzig, became the Chief of Civil Administration. The period of the military administration that lasted 55 days set the stage for a new occupation order. The article discusses the organization of the military administration in Toruń and temporary Civil Administration, their most important decisions and actions, including ordinances discriminating the Polish population. Particular attention was paid to the Wehrmacht’s participation in pacification of Toruń in the first weeks of the German occupation.

2

Transit Camps for Deported Poles in Potulice, Smukała, Tczew and Toruń as a Source of Cheap Labour

100%

Grochowina S.

Historia i Polityka

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2018

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issue 26 (33)

81-96

EN

Deportee camps or transit camps were established by the German occupation authorities to implement the plan for rapid Germanisation of Polish territories incorporated into the Third Reich. The camps were populated by Polish families ousted from their houses and farms, which in turn were taken over by German settlers and officials of the German administrative and party apparatus. The first such camp for displaced persons was formed in Toruń in the Danzig-West Prussia Province in November 1940; in February 1941 a similar camp was set up in Potulice near Nakło, and at about the same time another deportation camp started to operate in Tczew. On September 1, 1941 the role of the latter was taken over by the camp in Smukała near Bydgoszcz. The present paper shows how the role of the Central Emigration Office camps was evolving together with the developing situation on the fronts of the war – the particular focus of this work is the role such camps played as a source of cheap workforce for the German occupant.

3

The Tormentor from Toruń’s Fort VII, Karl Friedrich Strauss, on the Defendant Bench

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Grochowina S.

Historia i Polityka

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2019

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issue 28 (35)

111-123

EN

The paper focuses on the trial of Karl Friedrich Strauss, who from the end of October 1939 until January 1940 served as the administrative commandant of Fort VII in Toruń, which hosted an internment camp for civilians (Zivilinternierungslager). Strauss also participated in executions of Poles in the Barbarka forest near Toruń. The Strauss trial was a trial by jury which took place in June 1969 in the West Berlin district of Moabit. The legal proceedings were widely commented on in the pages of the Pomeranian press, and these press articles serve as the main source material for the present paper. The Strauss trial is one of numerous examples of failure of the denazification process in post-war Germany. Although the crimes committed by the former commander of Toruń’s Fort VII were not in any doubt, the leniency of the German judicial system meant that in the end one of the greatest tormentors of those imprisoned in Fort VII escaped justice and was not punished.

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Wkroczenie Wehrmachtu do Torunia i zarząd wojskowy miasta (7 września–25 października 1939 r.)

Transit Camps for Deported Poles in Potulice, Smukała, Tczew and Toruń as a Source of Cheap Labour

The Tormentor from Toruń’s Fort VII, Karl Friedrich Strauss, on the Defendant Bench