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Kaple císařských vyslanců v Drážďanech v druhé půli 17. století

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Kubeš J.
Folia historica Bohemica
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2015
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vol. 30
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issue 1
127-156
EN
A paper concerns the history of early modern diplomacy. The study explores operation of the imperial legates’ chapels in Saxon Dresden between the 1660s and 1690s under the rule of the Electors John George II, John George II, John George IV and Frederick Augustus until his conversion to the Catholic confession in 1697. The author summarizes basic information on location of the chapels, the chaplains and their activities and closely analyses problems of local authorities with the legates’ chapels. He illustrates alternations of tolerance and tension in Dresden that coincided with persecutions of the Saxon subjects attending Catholic masses (following 1676), with assaults against members of the legate’s entourage (1683 and 1685) and even with a ban of masses during the legate’s absence (1695). The legates and their chaplains, however, refused to yield and, despite certain limitations, continued to run the chapels.
2
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The transformation of the Grand Tour of Czech and Austrian Nobility in the First Half of the 18th Century: A New Recipe for Staying Powerful

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Kubeš J.
Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne
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2018
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vol. 6
186-196
PL
The article deals with the fundamental transformation of the Grand Tour of the nobility from the Czech and Austrian Lands during the first half of the 18th century. The author shows they moved from the thorough mastering of the aristocratic habits to the extensive education mainly in the field of public law in order to be able to participate in the activities of central and provincial bureaucratic institutions of the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy. The Catholic nobles started to study law at the universities in Protestant countries (mainly in Leiden and Leipzig), the attractiveness of the United Provinces, the Duchy of Lorraine and Imperial area (instead ofItaly and France) increased significantly and the young nobles shortened the time dedicated to the noble exercises. At the end, the author tries to compare this situation with the Grand Toursof the Polish nobility.
3
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Volba a korunovace Karla VI. římským císařem v roce 1711

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Kubeš J.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)
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2013
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vol. 111
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issue 4
805-841
EN
Based on the existing literature, contemporary printed materials and especially primary sources from the Bohemian Court Chancellary and the Family Archives of the Windisch- Grätz family, the author attempts, for the first time ever in a Czech historiography to deal comprehensively with the election and coronation of Charles VI in 1711. This text has two main purposes. Primarily, it involves a more comprehensive revisiting of the events after the death of Emperor Joseph I (April) in Vienna at the court of the Regent Empress dowager Eleonora Magdalena, at the court of Charles III of Spain in Barcelona, or possibly also in Milan, yet, especially in Frankfurt am Main. There, the pre-electoral negotiations, attended by the Bohemian electoral embassy took place, during which an electoral capitulation was drafted after approximately two months and the proper ceremonial election of Charles as King of the Romans (October) took place. Thereafter, the imperial coronation followed, yet again after an interval of two months (December). In second part, the author researches the events of 1711 in a wider context and compares them with preceding elections and coronations. He attempts to discover to what degree these processes were similar, or to what extent they differed from one another and to establish the reasons why deviations from traditions, which people in the Early Modern Ages held so dear, occurred; who benefited from these innovations and how they influenced the functioning of the Empire as a whole.
4
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Tři pohledy na kavalírskou cestu Franze Julia hraběte Verduga v letech 1681-1683

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Kubeš J.
Folia historica Bohemica
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2010
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vol. 25
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issue 2
29-65
EN
The essay comments on a grand tour (Landerreise) taken by the moderately wealthy Count Franz Julius Verdugo (1661-1712) in 1681-1683. The tour led him to the noble academy in Turin (six months), to Papal Rome (six months), the noble academy in French Angers (three months), Paris (three months) and the governor’s court in Brussels (about two months). Based on a research into almost 160 letters, the essay introduces not only an itinerary and basic information on Verdugo’s tour, but it also includes a detailed analysis of three partially varied viewpoints on the grand tour. It shows how differently his mother, the cavalier and his tutor perceived it. Although they all experienced the tour in a different way, they had a common goal – young Verdugo was required to “qualify himself”. He should have acquired abilities, knowledge and manners that would allow him to assert himself on a court and in the estate society of various countries in the Habsburg Monarchy after his return home. However, the journey to such a “qualification” was complicated and arose in a constant exchange of viewpoints among the three parties.
5
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Jan Marek z Clary a Aldringenu jako vyslanec Leopolda I. u saského kurfi řtského dvora na konci 17. století

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Kubeš J.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)
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2015
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vol. 113
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issue 2
346-380
EN
This study is a contribution to the history of Early Modern Age diplomacy and focuses on one specific mission of a nobleman in the service of the Emperor at the end of the 17th century. The nobleman concerned was Johann Marcus Count von Clary und Aldringen, who represented Leopold I in Saxony in the years 1686–1694. This diplomatic mission was chosen intentionally as it represents diplomatic legations, which were centred on the Holy Roman Empire, and have until now been under-researched. The author summarises fundamental facts about this mission – Clary-Aldringen’s itinerary is closely analysed and provides evidence of the very special nature of this legation, which was rather dissimilar to diplomatic travels as we know them from contemporary documents. In this case the envoy did not reside permanently in Saxony. Despite that he managed to remain in this post for a relatively long period of time and the author tries to account for the reasons. He analyses various tasks which the envoy had to carry out abroad (the provision of military assistance or the running of a diplomatic chancery); he also deals with the phenomenon of legation secretaries and describes the atypical relationship of the Count towards the Prince-elector’s family. Finally, he provides evidence that this mission contributed significantly to the rise of the House of Clary-Aldringen in contemporary aristocratic society.
6
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Zápas o funkci nejvyššího štolmistra na dvoře císařovny vdovy Eleonory Gonzagové. Edice důvěrné korespondence bratří Ditrichštejnů z roku 1683

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Kubeš J.
Folia historica Bohemica
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2013
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vol. 28
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issue 1
105-150
EN
Recently, the Czech and Austrian historiography has been much concerned with the history of the court society concentrated around the Austrian Habsburgs. However, not all of the Hofchargen (grand officers of the court) of the ruling dynasty receive the same attention. One of the less known courts is a court kept by the Empress Dowager Eleonora Gonzaga (1657–1686). In this article, the author analyses two sources that clarify the composition and operation of Eleonora’s court in the 1680s, that is a post-mortal list of the court members (1687) and, most importantly, sixteen letters by Philipp Sigmund von Dietrichstein to his step brother Prince Ferdinand, which document the struggle of the Dietrichstein fraction to obtain the office of Stallmeister (Premier Master of the Horses and Mews) on the Empress Dowager’s court in summer 1683. Their edition in extenso is provided in the supplement.
7
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The Delegation of the Bohemian King-Elector to the Election of the New Roman King in Frankfurt am Main, 1745

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Kubeš J.
Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies
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2022
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vol. 6
65-97
EN
It may seem that we know a lot about the elections and coronations of Roman kings and emperors in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and this also applies to the one of 1745, when Francis I Stephen became emperor. However, very little attention has been paid to the electoral delegations, their tasks, and their role in the pre-election negotiations. This article will therefore analyse the instructions issued by Queen Maria Theresa of Bohemia, who did not personally come to Frankfurt am Main for the election, to her diplomats. The analysis will then be supplemented by additional sources from the National Archives in Prague, where the reports of the delegation and other sources have been preserved. The election of 1745 is thoroughly compared with the elections of 1657–58 (Leopold I), 1711 (Charles VI), and 1742 (Charles VII). The author shows who made up the Bohemian delegation and how some of these diplomats’ tasks changed over time. Although the delegation of three noblemen – Counts Wurmbrand and Khevehüller, and Baron Hilleprand – had mainly ceremonial tasks, its role was also crucial in the actual negotiations, both on the very day of the election, then when it represented the Queen in the cathedral, and finally in conclave vote and when it was given other tasks (such as organising the celebratory banquet, illuminating the houses, etc.). It is evident that the delegation helped Queen Maria Theresa and her family regain possession of the imperial title.
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