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1

WHAT CAUSES THE VAT GAP?

100%
Zídková H., Pavel J.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2016
|
vol. 64
|
issue 9
811 – 826
EN
This paper is focused on the possible factors influencing the value added tax (VAT) gap. The VAT gap is an estimate of unpaid VAT in the economy calculated as the difference between the theoretical VAT liability and VAT actually paid into the state budget. It is often expressed in relative terms as a percentage of unpaid VAT from the theoretical VAT that would be collected if all taxpayers report and pay VAT in full. The high value of this indicator may imply problems with tax evasion and inefficiency within the tax system. The article summarises the existing studies quantifying the VAT gap and seeking to identify the relationship between the VAT gap or VAT revenues and various economic, tax and social factors present in individual countries. The panel regression and pooled regression models were used in this paper to identify the statistically significant variables that have an impact on the VAT gap. From 21 variables, only four factors proved to be statistically significant. The analysis revealed that the increase in the ratio of VAT revenues to GDP causes a reduction in the VAT gap. Further findings were that if the standard VAT rate and the difference between the standard and reduced VAT rate are increasing, the VAT gap grows. Finally, the control variable – share of household consumption in GDP is increasing the VAT gap.
2

WHAT ARE EFFECTIVE MEASURES AGAINST VAT EVASION? EVIDENCE FROM THE CZECH REPUBLIC

81%
Artlová M., Pavel J., Tepperová J., Zídková H.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2020
|
vol. 68
|
issue 2
147 – 167
EN
VAT is one of the most important tax revenues of the European states, yet it suffers from excessive tax evasion. Carousel frauds that abuse the current VAT treatment of cross-border supplies of goods in the EU represent the most serious type of VAT evasion. Almost all EU Member States have implemented anti-fraud measures. This paper discusses the effectiveness of such measures as introduced in the Czech Republic. The analysis of quarterly time series of VAT revenues from 1999 to 2016 showed that from all the anti-fraud measures, tightening of the rules for unreliable payers introduced at the beginning of 2013 proves in our models to be the most robust. A significant, positive effect has also been identified for the adoption of the reverse charge mechanism on scrap and emission allowances, as well as for the implementation of the VAT control statement. On the other hand, our analysis did not confirm that the so-called protective orders do increase VAT revenues. The total annual increase in tax collected as a result of implementing the above-mentioned measures was according to the model around CZK 51 billion by the end of 2015. This is 14.5% of the total annual VAT revenues.
3

IS TAXATION IMPORTANT FOR THE ALLOCATION OF FDI IN EU COUNTRIES?

81%
Pavel J., Tepperová J., Zídková H.
Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)
|
2024
|
vol. 72
|
issue 1-2
3 – 26
EN
The foreign direct investment (FDI) amount suggests the country’s attractiveness to foreign investors. However, it can also reflect the tax benefits provided by the recipient country or achievable in a combination of tax rules of the investor-state and the recipient country. If these benefits represent an opportunity for aggressive tax planning, it leads to profit shifting, which the international organizations and their members try to combat. We used the economic data and specific tax indicators of the European Member states in the period of 2013 to 2019. We estimated panel regression models to determine that three indicators of the tax system of the investor’s state attract FDI allocation. They include the non-residency of the company having management in another state, the absence of withholding tax on interest paid, and the patent box or other preferential tax regime on income from intellectual property rights. In the recipient country, two indicators proved to be statistically significant and positively impacted the FDI stock: the possibility of group taxation with the holding company and the accessibility of unilateral ruling on, e.g., interest spread or royalty spread. The absence of CFC rules, no taxation of deemed income from interest-free loans, and tax deductions of intra-group interest costs in the investor’s country positively affect the level of managerial services and the amount of interest paid to the investor’s country from the recipient country.
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