Results found: 2

Search results

Sort By:

Limit search:

Rozwój uniwersalnej ochrony praw człowieka

100%

Michalski D.

Cywilizacja i Polityka

2016

vol. 14

issue 14

81-98

The development of human rights in contemporary world was possible due to the application the achievements of legal philosophers. First of all, medieval thinkers laid the groundwork for today’s organized system of recognizing the important values which today define universal human rights. The United Nations, as the successor of the concepts of the League of Nations, is the entity which internationalized this issue. Trying to create a definition of human rights draws attention to the essential value of this concept, that is, dignity and freedom. Despite the difficulties in formulating a clear definition it was tried to describe them and extract the directory common. Analyzing human rights from the perspective of developmental stages, it turns out that at the stage of conceptualization it appeared in the issue of separation of fundamental rights of units. Thus, when juridification has ensured the rights arising from the philosophical concepts, which proved to be universal values also in the modern globalized world. However, this does not mean that the process was hassle-free. Specific problems inherent in the international community, like the lack of unanimity in crucial matters, significantly lengthened the process. Initially, it was not possible to work out effective mechanisms of protection, and only demands were developed. Only by historical changes and the important breakthrough events, legal and international efforts became possible to undertake joint efforts to ensure and guarantee the protection of individual human rights. These activities resulted in the adoption of multilateral normative acts, the provisions of which have proved to be fundamental to the contemporary activities of the international community and non-governmental organizations for the protection of individual human rights.

Źródła finlandzkiego prawa konstytucyjnego 1919–2000

100%

Michalski D.

Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne

2022

vol. 74

issue 1

127-139

For 100 years of Finland's independence, its constitutional system was characterized by sustainability, and all changes took the form of an evolution rather than a revolution. Its stability is also evidenced by the fact that the first legal acts constituting the basis for the functioning of the system were in force for over 80 years of “the first constitutional period". Adopted in the interwar period (1919–1928), they survived the Second World War as well as the significant political changes in the post-war period. A new, uniform basic law came into force in 2000. However, in a sense, it was a synthesis of the evolution of the state system as its adoption did not have the character of a breakthrough, but it rather gave order to all the amendments that had been adopted previously. Even the most far-reaching changes, such as the strengthening of parliamentarism by shifting the centre of gravity of power from the president by weakening his position in favour of the parliament, were widely expected and accepted. Thus, the “second constitutional period” in the history of the Finnish system began.

Przez 100 lat niepodległości Finlandii jej ustrój konstytucyjny charakteryzował się zrównoważeniem, a wszelkie zmiany miały postać bardziej ewolucji niż rewolucji. O jego stabilności świadczy też fakt, że pierwsze akty prawne stanowiące podstawy funkcjonowania ustroju obowiązywały przez ponad 80 lat „pierwszego okresu konstytucyjnego”. Uchwalone w okresie międzywojennym (w latach 1919–1928), przetrwały II wojnę światową, a także istotne przemiany polityczne w okresie powojennym. Dopiero w 2000 r. weszła w życie nowa, jednolita ustawa zasadnicza będąca jednak w pewnym sensie syntezą ewolucji ustroju państwa, bowiem jej przyjęcie nie miało charakteru przełomowego, a bardziej porządkujący wszystkie dotychczas przyjęte nowelizacje. Nawet najdalej idące zmiany, jak chociażby wzmocnienie parlamentaryzmu poprzez przesunięcie punktu ciężkości władzy z prezydenta, osłabiając jego pozycję, na rzecz parlamentu, były zmianami powszechnie oczekiwanymi i akceptowanymi. Tym samym rozpoczęto „drugi okres konstytucyjny” w historii ustroju Finlandii.

Refine search results

1 Cywilizacja i Polityka

1 Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne

2 Michalski D.

1 2022

1 2016

Search results

Rozwój uniwersalnej ochrony praw człowieka

Źródła finlandzkiego prawa konstytucyjnego 1919–2000