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The British Nationality and Borders Bill and the international protection of refugees in the light of the concept of community interest in international law

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Kuźniar D.

Review of European and Comparative Law

2022

vol. 49

issue 2

253-269

The crisis that Europe faced in 2015 has never been resolved and countries have adopted different strategies to deal with the influx of migrants. Some of them raise serious legal doubts for good reason. One of the new national solutions currently in the process of passing is the new migration plan announced by the United Kingdom in the Nationality and Borders Bill last year. The aim of the reform is to improve the British asylum system and to fight effectively illegal immigration and people smuggling.The aim of the article is to present the most important assumptions of the British reform in the field of grant- ing refugee status. The analysis would allow to assess the compliance of the designed solutions with international obligations, the fulfilment of which should form the basis of the asylum policy of each State being a party to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. The main aim of the article, however, is to draw attention to the fact that the international protection of refugees should be equated with community interests and referring to the individual interest of the State is an erroneous and dangerous assumption.

The concept of long – term sustainability of outer space activities and the international responsibility of states for space activities

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Kuźniar D.

Studia Iuridica

2023

vol. 97

112-125

The concept of long-term sustainability of outer space activities is based on rational assumptions regarding outer space as a limited resource, which will inevitably shrink in the long term if States do not take appropriate preventive measures. The arguments for this are all the stronger as it concerns a real threat to the safety of space operations, and what is more, to their continuation in the future. The legal status of outer space determines the responsibility of States for the activities of both governmental and non-governmental entities. The UN COPUOS Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities strongly remind of this. This is an important element of this document, which should be considered not only in the context of liability for damage caused as a result of space activities, but also in the context of liability for violating the principles adopted in the key treaty of international space law, which is the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies of 27 January 1967. The main purpose of this article is to present the assumptions of the concept and, in their light, to refer to its structural treaty connotations in the field of generally recognized international responsibility of the State for space activities. The study is also intended to show workable solutions adopted in national law that implement the COPUOS Guidelines, as a necessary and inevitable direction of national activity of countries wanting to explore and use outer space safely and responsibly.

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1 Review of European and Comparative Law

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The British Nationality and Borders Bill and the international protection of refugees in the light of the concept of community interest in international law

The concept of long – term sustainability of outer space activities and the international responsibility of states for space activities