The article chronologically reconstructs the process of reception of Olga Tokarczuk’s prose in China with particular focus on the period after she received the Nobel Prize for Literature. The author invokes utterances of the translators, publishers and critics to demonstrate how Tokarczuk’s works fare on the Chinese book market in terms of marketing, in the context of sales results and their presence online, which elements of her writings are closest to the Chinese readers and why, what global literary and cultural discourses her work is assigned to and what challenges the Chinese translators are faced with when translating her prose.
Данная статья посвящена новой волне китайских поэтов, которые родились в семидесятых годах и считаются новым поколением поэтов в Китае, учитывая их новаторские идеи и действия. Автор уделяет внимание известному поэту Хуанг Лихай, работы которого затрагивают различные вопросы, начиная с проблемы национальности, заканчивая вопросами половой идентичности и поэтики. Он также представил новую точку зрения на мир поэзии и образования. Целью Международной поэтической премии «Поэзия и человек» является поиск и продвижение поэтов, которые посвятили много лет созданию замечательной поэзии в чистейшей форме. Другой задачей премии было поощрение большего количества людей, чтобы погрузиться в дух этой творческой области. Это был следующий шаг к пробуждению и обогащению размышлении о духе и мысли человека. Надо здесь обратить внимание на польский акцент, связанный с поэтом Адамом Загаевским, который провел одну неделю в Китае в 2014 году. Он раньше посещал Тайвань и Гонг Конг. Но именно город Гуанчжоу стал основным этапом его путешествия из-за церемонии вручения Международной поэтической премии, которая имела место именно там. В этом году Загаевски получил эту премию. Он был признан выдающимся и всемирно уважаемым поэтом, которого хвалили важные писатели такие, как Милош, Бродский и Сьюзан Зонтаг. Поэт родился в июне 1945 года в так называемой Восточной Галиции – регионе, который раньше являлся частью Польши, в данный момент входил в состав Советского Союза, а в настоящее время находится на территории Украины. Его семья вернулась в Польшу. Он начал заниматься поэзией в шестидесятых и семидесятых годах, как выдающийся представитель поколения «новой волны» польских поэтов. На сегодняшний день, в свет вышли различные написанные ним антологии поэзии и и прозаических эссе. Открытие его работ стало вызовом для нового поколения китайских поэтов.
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The article focuses on the New Wave of Chinese poets who were born in the 1970s and are considered a new generation of poets in China, based on their groundbreaking ideas and activities. The author discusses a wellknown poet, Huang Lihai, whose research touch on various matters from the concept of nationality to the idea of gender and poetics. He also presented a whole new perspective on the world of poetry and education. On the International Prize for Poetry – “Poetry and Man” which goal is to discover and promote poets who have for many years dedicated themselves to creating outstanding and the purest form of poetry. Another aim of the prize is to encourage more people to dive into the spirit of this artistic field. It was another step toward the awakening and enrichment of reflection on the man’s thought and spirit. There is also a strong Polish element connected to the Polish poet Adam Zagajewski, who spent one week in China in March 2014. He had previously visited Taiwan and Hong Kong, but it was the city of Canton that became the most important stage of his journey, because the awards ceremony of the 9th edition of the International Prize for Poetry was held there. Zagajewski won the prize that year. He was acknowledged as an eminent and internationally respected poet, being praised by many important authors such as Miłosz, Brodski, and Susan Sontag. The poet was born in June 1945 in the so-called Eastern Galicia, a region that used to belong to Poland. At that time, it was becoming a part of the Soviet Union and is Ukrainian today. His family returned to Poland. He started occupying himself with work of poet in the 1960s and 1970s, becoming a prominent representative of the “New Wave” generation of Polish poets. As for today, he published many anthologies of poetry and prose essays. Discovering his works has become a new challenge for the new generation of Chinese poets.
Tajemnicze i trudne początki chrześcijaństwa w Chinach. Owiana legendami obecność chrześcijaństwa nestoriańskiego w VII wieku n.e. Rozwój kontaktów pomiędzy Kościołem katolickim i Chinami podczas panowania dynastii Yuan w XIII wieku n.e. Upadek katolicyzmu wraz z upadkiem dynastii Yuan i wygnaniem Mongołów. Odrodzenie się katolicyzmu w Chinach w wyniku pracy misjonarzy, głownie jezuitów w XVI wieku n.e. Epokowa rola Matteo Ricci w ponownym rozwoju katolicyzmu w Chinach. Jego wkład we wzajemne poznanie i zbliżenie dwu cywilizacji - chińskiej i europejskiej. Ponowny upadek katolicyzmu w związku z konfrontacją w kościele nt. obrzędu chińskiego i w konsekwencji zniesienie katolicyzmu przez cesarza Kang Xi z dynastii Qing. Powrót chrześcijaństwa, w tym Kościoła katolickiego po wojnach opiumowych. Nowe sfery działania Kościoła katolickiego jak: edukacja, czytelnictwo, nowoczesna opieka społeczna. Kościół katolicki w Nowych Chinach – powstawanie tzw. ruchów patriotycznych w Kościele, budowanie odrębnego chińskiego kościoła katolickiego i konflikt z Rzymem. Rola „ zasady trzech samodzielności” w chińskim katolicyzmie. Kościół katolicki- jego rozwój we współczesnych nowoczesnych Chinach XXI wieku.
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The difficult and mysterious beginning of Christianity in China. The legendary presents of Nestorians in VII century and the development of the relations between Roman Catholic institutions and China during the time of Yuan Emperors in XIII century. The disappearance of the Christianity with the collapse of Yuan Dynasty. The rebirth of catholic church in China with arrival of Jesuit missionaries in XVI century and epochal contribution of Matteo Ricci in the development of Catholicism in China and in the better reciprocal knowledge of two civilizations – Chinese and European. The China Rite Controversy and the suppression of Catholic Church by Empror Kang Xi from Qing Dynasty. The spread of Christianity, including Catholic Church, after opium wars. The new areas of catholic missionaries activities like constructions of seminaries, libraries, museums and introduction of modern social services. The Catholic Church in New China – the creation of Catholic’ Patriotic Movement, the build-up of local Church and the conflict with Rome. The crucial role of the Three Self’s Principle in the life of Chinese Catholic Church. The situation of Catholic Church in China in the modern China of XXI century.
The article is devoted to the importance of red in the lives of Chinese people. The history of red symbolism and the emotions that this color evokes are analyzed. Attention was paid to the political aspects associated with the spread of red in the life of Chinese society. In addition to the political aspect, it is also a popular custom. For the Chinese, red is the most important of all colors, accompanies the Chinese during important events and celebrations such as the wedding or the Spring Festival. Red comes in many different shades, but typical Chinese red is cinnabar.
Ancient peoples of China considered crimson, blue-green, yellow, white and back to be the five primary colours that gave rise to the universe and Earth. Then, according to the theory of Five Elements that make up the universe, i.e. Earth, Wood, Fire, Water, and Metal five directions were set: East, South, West, North and Centre to which specific colour combinations were assigned. The colours implied a number of diverse cultural concepts associated with, e.g. role of power, philosophical theories, rituals and beliefs. Gradually a new colour system came into being and became an important value in traditional Chinese culture. This article looks at the meaning of red (㓘 – hong) and yellow (哺 – huang) and their shades, i.e. earthy yellow, light yellow and golden.
The author describes the difficult beginnings of publishing in new China, a country devastated in large part by the Japanese occupation and civil war. Publishing houses of all types were then scattered over a huge territory and very few. This was particularly the case for publishing children’s and youth literature. Despite this difficult situation, as early as the end of 1950, the first specialized publishing house for children and youth audiences was established in Shanghai. The author shows the difficult further way of building a large publishing movement and institutions cooperating with it, which specialized in work for children and youth audiences. It indicates the role of the publishing movement in expanding the education of children and young people in China. It signals the collapse of an excellent business in the gloomy period of the cultural revolution, and then shows a gradual rebirth, and then, again, the dynamic development of the industry in the early 1980s in connection with the implementation of the “reform and opening up” policy. An important stage in this dynamic development was the formation of a new media group aimed at children and youth audiences in 2000 – the Chinese youth and children’s information and publishing cooperative. This has led to the creation of similar media groups throughout China. Over 70 years of operation, new China has made tremendous progress in the field of children’s and youth literature and publishing. Interestingly, this process, especially in the initial period, was carried out in cooperation with its counterpart in Poland. Many Polish books for young Chinese readers have appeared on the Chinese market and this phenomenon continues to be beneficial for both sides.
Ancient peoples of China considered crimson, blue-green, yellow, white and back to be the five primary colours that gave rise to the universe and Earth. Then, according to the theory of the Five Elements that make up the universe, i.e. Earth (土 – tu), Wood (木 – mu), Fire (火 – huo), Water (水 – shui) and Metal (金 – jin), five directions were set: East, South, West, North and Centre, to which specific colour combinations were assigned. The colours implied a number of diverse cultural concepts associated with, e.g. the role of power, philosophical theories, rituals and beliefs. Gradually a new colour system came into being and became an important value in traditional Chinese culture. This article looks at the meaning of blue (蓝 – lan), green (绿 – lu) and purple (紫色 – zise).
The ancient peoples of China considered crimson, blue-green, yellow, white and back to be the five primary colours that gave rise to the universe and Earth. Then, according to the theory of the Five Elements that make up the universe, i.e. Earth (土 – tu), Wood (木 – mu), Fire (火 – huo), Water (水 – shui) and Metal (金 – jin), five directions were set: East, South, West, North and Centre, to which specific colour combinations were assigned. The colours implied a number of diverse cultural concepts associated with, e.g. the role of power, philosophical theories, rituals and beliefs. Gradually a new colour system came into being and became an important value in traditional Chinese culture. This article looks at the meaning of white (白 – bai) and black (黑 – hei).