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  1. 2 Etnografia Polska

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  1. 2 Malewska-Szalygin A.

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  2. 1 2004

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TRADITION OF THE USAGE OF THE NOTION OF DISCOURSE AND ITS USEFULNESS IN THE STUDIES IN ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE PRESENT TIME

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Malewska-Szalygin A.
Etnografia Polska
|
2004
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vol. 48
|
issue 1-2
81-96
EN
The tradition of the studies of discourse derives from the famous de Saussure's distinction discerning two levels of linguistic description: 'langue' where language is treated as a system of signs and 'parole' in which language is the subject of study as the speech-act, performance, the socio-cultural event. The concept of discourse has defined the subject of interest for linguists (e.g. Barth), philosophers (e.g. Ricoeur), historians (Foucault) and sociologists (e.g. Hymes). In ethnology the first attempts to study speech-acts ( parole) reach back as far as Bronislaw Malinowski who was interested in the cultural function of incantations as well as the problem of constructing social relationships through speech-making. Currently the most popular meaning of the concept of discourse applied in ethnology is that suggested by Rapport who defines it as 'ways of speaking which are commonly practiced and specifically situated in a social environment' . This dictionary definition can be supplemented by the statement of Mohl pointing out the social functions of discourse: 'discourse in the broad sense of the term, not only reflects society, it creates and encompasses society. There is no society, no social outside discourse'. The local discourse on politics, which is the authoress' research subject, consists of everyday conversations about authority and persons in power. According to the assumptions of discursive analysis, notions and concepts should be distinguished, those around which conversations are organized as well as typical terms, phrases and frequently used comparisons. Strategies and lines of reasoning should be described. As the next step particular terms, phrases and expressions should be related to the historical, political economic and socio-cultural context within which they function and within which they have been coined.. As a result of such analysis the mental model of authority will be constructed, the one which emerges in the local discourse on politics.
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LOCAL DISCOURSE ON PUBLIC MATTERS. THE CASE OF PODHALE

100%
Malewska-Szalygin A.
Etnografia Polska
|
2006
|
vol. 50
|
issue 1-2
101-116
EN
The article deals with local connotations of the term 'state', such as were revealed in conversations with peasants in villages near the town of Nowy Targ (southern Poland, at the foot of the Tatra mountains) as well as at the market place in the same town. The local highlanders' images of the state, authority, power and politics resemble, to some extent, those described by ethnologists and sociologists as belonging to traditional folk culture. Taking such concurrence into consideration we can raise a question: how their present views are the continuation of the older ones? A short review of the results of sociological studies on the relationships between the socialist state (i.e. before 1989) and its citizens allows the author to perceive this as continuation, at least to some extent. Nevertheless it is not a completely exhaustive answer. People's attachment to traditional image of nation-state and its responsibilities, expressed in an emotional way, seems to get reinforced in the face of far-reaching technological, social and cultural changes. Due to the global character of the latter, the villagers, as Arjun Appandurai put it, pose a threat to the idea of the nation-state. All post-socialist countries have been affected by deep political and economic transformations. In common people's perception the changes often seem incomprehensible and unpredictable. That is why they breed anxiety which reinforces attachment to the old, well-known order familiarized through generations. As well as the old images of state and authority.
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