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EN
Actio pro socio claim (derivative suit or derivative action) remains one of the corporate governance instruments, however being rather rarely used due to its nature as an emergency remedy against company’s agencies passivity. Also there are more effective measures and more predictable as to the final outcome than a court suit. One of the most important issues dealing with actio pro socio legal framework and its economic effectiveness deals with so called free rider problem. Current regulations of the claim do not make it an attractive instrument of maintaining shareholders’ interests as shareholder-plaintiff’s situation concerning potential loss-to-gains ratio does not encourage to take any action in favour of the company. However this type of claim cannot be forgotten as a mean of defending shareholders’ interests against interests of other shareholders, agencies or entities.
PL
Odpowiedzialność z tytułu gwarancji może stanowić jedną z podstaw żądania przez nabywcę lokalu mieszkalnego lub domu jednorodzinnego naprawy nieruchomości lub jej części. Dopuszczalność udzielenia gwarancji przez dewelopera nie jest oczywista wobec braku odniesienia się do takiej podstawy odpowiedzialności przez przepisy szczególne, które mają zastosowanie do umów deweloperskich. Ponadto należy zauważyć, że umowa deweloperska nie stanowi umowy sprzedaży, wobec czego nie znajdą zastosowania wprost przepisy o gwarancji przy sprzedaży. Wątpliwości może budzić charakter prawny przeniesienia posiadania dokumentacji gwarancyjnej w kontekście przeniesienia przez dewelopera przysługujących mu uprawnień gwarancyjnych na nabywcę nieruchomości mieszkaniowej.
EN
The aim of this article is through comparative presentation of Polish special economic zones and Serbian free zones, paying attention to specific incentives they render in order to attract the investments and their coherence with the EU laws. These incentives include the use of various import duties and/or tax reliefs or exemptions and state aid support. Within the frames which allow the EU laws protecting market competition and based on up to date good practices in Poland and other EU member states, these zones have substantial positive impact to countries economic development, but also need further to develop innovative solutions for attraction of effective investments to their locations.
EN
The aim of this article is through comparative presentation of Polish special economic zones and Serbian free zones, paying attention to specific incentives they render in order to attract the investments and their coherence with the EU laws. These incentives include the use of various import duties and/or tax reliefs or exemptions and state aid support. Within the frames which allow the EU laws protecting market competition and based on up to date good practices in Poland and other EU member states, these zones have substantial positive impact to countries economic development, but also need further to develop innovative solutions for attraction of effective investments to their locations.
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