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PL
The article attempts to capture basic components of the religious experience within the categories of contemporary cognitive psychology. Based on the outstanding theologist and scholar of comparative religion Rudolf Otto’s (1869– 1937) concept of mysterium tremendum and mysterium fascinans it has been assumed that those experiences being in a contrast-harmony relation to each other can be considered as components of religious experience. Applying categories from contemporary cognitive psychology the author tried to demonstrate that religious experience does not have to be dominated by experiences of an emotional nature, because it remains in a close relationship with the process of the perception of God’s existence and actions and with all that belongs to the sphere of Sacrum. Nonetheless the cognitive representation of God, understood as a mirror image of trascendental reality, has to be considered only as an extraordinary complex structure having a profound impact on human behaviours. It is assumed that this structure reflects mainly the experience of God in the context of the relation of contrast-harmony, of which Otto wrote. After presenting the concept of cognitive schemata in psychology with its functions and a three way sort of knowledge that it represents, the article reflects on the concept of cognitive representation of God. Connections are made with the main thesis of Otto’s concept, especially with his idea of polarization of the representation of religious experience. The last part of the article concentrates on the regulating role of the experience of tremendum and fascinans in relation to human behaviour of religious nature.
EN
The issue of the subject-subject relationship, also known as the relationship of encounter or the I-Thou relationship, which has a strong presence in the humanities and Christian mysticism, is rarely addressed by psychology. This type of relationship goes beyond the psychosocial approach to personal maturity and human development at the so-called higher stages, thus falling outside the predominant lines of psychological inquiry. Consequently, this paper concerns issues that are not popular in psychology, albeit they are close to the problem of the person’s development as a subject. Drawing inspiration from cultural anthropology and intersubjective philosophy – especially Martin Buber’s philosophy of dialogue and Gabriel Marcel’s concrete philosophy – the author presents from a psychological stance the phenomenon of the subject-subject relationship and its prerequisite conditions. Adopting the perspective of personalistic psychology in its existentialist-phenomenological strands, the author indicates the place of this relationship in human personal development and highlights its crucial significance to this process.
PL
Homo ludens – homo mythicus. A new approach to ludic activity in adulthoodThe article presents a new theoretical and research approach to the problem of man’s ludic activity in adulthood. The theoretical thread presents the author’s personal concept of quasi-mythical in nature ludic behaviour, substitutive in regards to participation in the living myth. What lies at their base are the mythos type cognitive processes proper to the mind of man, complementary to processes of the logos type and the ‘mythical’ way connected to them in which man refers to the surrounding world. Characteristic elements of contemporary forms of mythos have been distinguished in relation to its archaic forms. The empirical strain concerns chosen fragments of the author’s own research on young adults’ experiences of participation in cultural phenomena that belong to the mythos domain. The study comprised 91 participants of historical re-enactment, 88 fantasy readers and 91 rave participants. An attempt to carry out a typology of participation in ludic mythos-type realms has been made on the basis of the identified dimensions of experience common to the three sub-cultures studied. The theoretical model of contemporary quasi-mythical behaviour has also undergone empirical verification.
PL
Jeffrey J. Arnett’s Concept of Emerging Adulthood as an Extended Liminal Phase of the Rite of Passage The article includes a comparison of the developmental stage spreading between adolescence and early adulthood recently called after Jeffrey J. Arnette (2004, 2007) the emerging adulthood, to the liminal phase of the rite of passage first enunciated by Arnold van Gennep (1909/2006) and Victor Turner (2005). According to the formulated thesis it is stated that the stage of emerging adulthood, treated in contemporary western psychology as a new developmental stage, characteristic for hi-tech societies, is a far and residual equivalent of the liminal (marginal) phase of the rite of passage, in its extended form. Both the society of participants of this ritual in its liminal phase, called by Turner communitas, and the society of young people entering adulthood, are characterised mainly by the feeling of “being in-between”. Both those social groups have left behind the previous stage, yet not reached the new one. After presenting the concept of the rite of passage consisting of three phases, together with the idea of liminality linked to it, the contemporary phenomenon of extending the psychosocial moratorium and the concept of Arnette’s emerging adulthood, there is an analysis of the similarities and differences between the liminal phase and the stage of emerging adulthood. The latter of the phenomena is closely linked to the specificity of western culture (such as degradation and disappearance of rites of passage in their traditional forms, orientation towards consumption and hedonism), and seems to have its source in the psychic qualities of young people such as i.e. the lack of readiness to take up the responsibility for others and to take care of them.
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