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EN
Contemporary Russia is going through the most severe demographic crisis in her history. The situation is particularly adverse in the Kaliningrad Oblast of the Russian Federation, which borders Poland. Since 2007, its authorities have been implementing a special program to repatriate Russians from abroad. Up to 2012, 19,000 Russian settlers came to the Oblast, while the authorities had expected over 300,000 individuals. The reasons are deemed to be the relatively low earnings in the Oblast and its being an exclave.
EN
The Kaliningrad Oblast of the Russian Federation (RF) is significant for the security of Poland, Lithuania and the Baltic countries. This westernmost region of Russia is surrounded by EU and NATO states and does not have a direct contact with the RF. Considerable military potential is concentrated in this region, including medium and long range missile launchers that may be armed with nuclear warheads. The government in Moscow treats the military potential of this region as an element of pressure to influence public opinion and discourage the Polish authorities from building the US anti-missile system in Poland.
PL
Obwód Kaliningradzki Federacji Rosyjskiej (FR) odgrywa istotną rolę dla bezpieczeństwa Polski, Litwy oraz państw regionu Morza Bałtyckiego. Ten najbardziej na zachód wysunięty obszar Rosji otoczony jest państwami UE i NATO i nie posiada bezpośredniej styczności z FR. Na obszarze obwodu zgromadzone są pokaźne siły zbrojne, w tym wyrzutnie rakiet średniego i dalekiego zasięgu, które mogą być uzbrojone w głowice atomowe. Władze w Moskwie traktują potencjał wojskowy zgromadzony w obwodzie jako element nacisku na opinię publiczną, tak by zniechęcić władze RP do budowy na terytorium Polski amerykańskiej tarczy antyrakietowej.
PL
Wśród wielu kryzysów trapiących Unię Europejską na szczególną uwagę zasługuje przebieg i konsekwencje kryzysu migracyjnego zapoczątkowanego w 2015 roku. Zwrócić należy uwagę na takie kwestie jak: – kryzys migracyjny jest wyrazem wewnętrznej słabości UE, gdyż go nie przewidziano, skutecznie zneutralizowano i odpowiednio zarządzono; – kryzys migracyjny skutkuje podziałem wewnątrz UE; – doprowadził do wewnętrznych kryzysów polityczno-społecznych w wielu państwach UE; – zaowocował dalekosiężnymi skutkami (m.in. wzrost populizmu i ksenofobii, podziały na linii Wschód–Zachód Europy).
EN
Among the many crises tormenting the Old Continent, the course and consequences of the migration crisis that began in 2015 are particularly noteworthy. There following issues should be highlighted: – the migration crisis manifests the internal weakness of the EU, since it has not been predicted, effectively neutralized nor managed properly; – the migration crisis has produced a division inside the EU; – the migration crisis has led to internal political and social crises in many EU countries; – the migration crisis has produced far-reaching outcomes (such as increased populism and xenophobia, division of Europe into the East and the West).
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EN
The author analyzes the main problems of Poles in Germany, i.e. the teaching of the Polish language, restoration of official minority status for Poles as well as vindication and compensation for World War II damages in Polish and German press in the years 1999-2012. This was a period of heated public debate and intergovernmental negotiations of these issues. Despite the significance of the problems they did not find adequate reflection in the Polish press. Media with a right-wing orientation were mainly the ones to tackle the topic.
EN
After the collapse of the USSR, the Kaliningrad Oblast, which currently constitutes a part of the Russian Federation, has become an exclave neighboring Poland and Lithuania. After these two countries joined the EU in 2004, the Kaliningrad Oblast has become an "isle in the EU". One of the outcomers of this situation involves regular statements of politicians from Moscow and Kaliningrad reassuring that on account of its geostrategy Kaliningrad is a permanent part of Russia. A special name has even been cointed to address this matter: the Kaliningrad issue. There are two main geopolitical concepts: the region is Russia's westernmost military outpost, and a pilot region for collaboration with the EU. Although different concepts have emerged concerning the increased independence and authonomy of this region, its inclusion in Russia is beyong doubt.
PL
After the collapse of the USSR, the Kaliningrad Oblast, which currently constitutes a part of the Russian Federation, has become an exclave neighboring Poland and Lithuania. After these two countries joined the European Union in 2004 the Kaliningrad Oblast has become an ‘isle in the EU’. One of the outcomes of this situation involves regular statements issued by politicians from Moscow and Kaliningrad reassuring that on account of its geostrategy the region is a permanent part of Russia. A special name has even been coined to address this matter – the Kaliningrad issue. There are two main geopolitical concepts: the region is Russia’s westernmost military outpost; and a pilot region for collaboration with the European Union. Although, different concepts have emerged concerning the increased independence and autonomy of this region, its inclusion in Russia is beyond doubt.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the role of Polish minority school in interwar period in East Prussia (a part of Germany) in the life of the local population. Sociological field research conducted in two Warmian villages (Purda and Leszno) in the years 1948, 1983, 2005–2006, and 2016 has shown that Polish minority school was and still is an important element of Warmian identity of place.
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